Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Enhanced computerised diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease from brain MRI images using a classifier merger strategy

  • Original Research
  • Published:
International Journal of Information Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper targets a novel classifier merging methodology for automated and precise judgement of Alzheimer's disease. The six diverse joining rules (mean, median, product, maximum, minimum, and voting) are presented with their significance in the consolidating of classifiers with that of the individual classifiers. The approval of the proposed combination procedure is performed on benchmark ADNI dataset. The underlying emphasis uncovered the four individual classifiers out of thirteen classifiers, to be specific BayesNet, linear discriminant classifier (ldc), quadratic Bayes normal classifier (udc), and Kernel Support vector machine (KSVM) from various machine learning groups, gained the best performance values of 74.77%, 71.62%, 77.76, and 76.13% separately. The classifier merging model decorated from these four best algorithms displayed a much healthier performance with a shared mean error rate of 0.2123 in contrast to the mean error rate of 0.2493 before Ensemble. Our examinations effectively show that a classifier merging procedure produces better outcomes and orders subjects more precisely than base-level classifiers.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. YW. Chien, SY. Hong, W. Cheah, LH. Yao, YL. Chang, and L. Fu, "An Automatic Assessment System for Alzheimer's Disease Based on Speech Using feature Sequence Generator and Recurrent neural network", Scientific Reports, Vol-9, No-19597, pp:1–10, 2019.

  2. CP. Ferri, M. Prince, and C. Brayne C, "Global prevalence of dementia: a Delphi consensus study", The Lancet, Vol-366, pp: 2112–2117, 2005.

  3. MC. Tierney, C. Yao, A. Kiss, and I. McDowell, "Neuropsychological tests accurately predict incident Alzheimer disease after 5 and 10 years", Neurology, Vol-64, pp: 1853–1859, 2005.

  4. KS. Shaji, AT. Jotheeswaran, N. Girish, S. Bharath, A. Dias, M. Pattabiraman, and M. Varghese, "The India Dementia Report 2010, Prevalence, impact, costs and services for dementia", A report prepared by the Alzheimer's and Related Disorders Society of India (ARDSI), pp: 1–38, 2010.

  5. SO. Orimaye, JSM. Wong, KJ. Golden, CP. Wong, and IN. Soyiri, "Predicting probable Alzheimer's disease using linguistic deficits and biomarkers", BMC Bioinformatics, Vol- 18, No-:34, pp: 1–13, 2017.

  6. A. Pozueta, ER. Rodríguez, JLV. Higuera, I. Mateo, PS. Juan, SG. Perez, J. Berciano, and O. Combarros, “Detection of early Alzheimer’s disease in MCI patients by the combination of MMSE and an episodic memory test”, BMC Neurol, Vol-11, No- 1, pp:67–78, 2011.

  7. CY. Wee, "Enriched white matter connectivity networks for accurate identification of MCI patients", Neuroimage, Vol- 54, pp: 1812–1822, 2011.

  8. L. Zhou, "Hierarchical anatomical brain networks for MCI prediction: revisiting volumetric measures", Plos One, Vol-6, e21935, 2011.

  9. TA. Shaikh and R. Ali, "Automated atrophy assessment for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis from brain MRI images", Magnetic resonance imaging, Vol-62, pp: 167–173, 2019.

  10. Lenzi D (2011) “Single domain amnestic MCI: A multiple cognitive domains fMRI investigation”, Neurobiology of Aging, Vol- 32. No- 9:1542–1557

    Google Scholar 

  11. HI. Suk, "Discriminative group sparse representation for mild cognitive impairment classification", Machine Learning in Medical Imaging, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol-8184, pp: 131–138, 2013.

  12. Nobili F (2010) “Unawareness of memory deficit in amnestic MCI: FDG-PET findings”, Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, Vol- 22. No- 3:993–1003

    Google Scholar 

  13. S. Zhang, "C-PIB-PET for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease dementia and other dementias in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI)", NCBI: Pbumed, Vol- 23, No-7, CD010386, 2014.

  14. LS. Aubert, "Cortical florbetapir-PET amyloid load in prodromal Alzheimer's disease patients", EJNMMI Research, Vol- 3, No. 43, 2013.

  15. DR. Thal, "[18F] flutemetamol amyloid positron emission tomography in preclinical and symptomatic Alzheimer's disease: Specific detection of advanced phases of amyloid-β pathology", Alzheimer's & Dementia, Vol- 11, No-8, pp: 975–985, 2015.

  16. V. Corbo, DH. Salat, MA. Powell, WP. Milberg, and RE. McGlinchey, "Combat exposure is associated with cortical thickness in Veterans with a history of chronic pain", Psychiatry Res, Vol-249, pp: 38–44, 2016.

  17. AT. Du, N. Schuff, and JH. Kramer, "Different regional patterns of cortical thinning in Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia", Brain, Vol- 130, pp: 1159–1166, 2007.

  18. A. Tessitore, G. Santangelo, and RD. Micco, "Cortical thickness changes in patients with Parkinson's disease and impulse control disorders", Parkinsonism Relat Disord, Vol-24, pp: 119–125, 2016.

  19. YC. Ouyang, HM. Chen, JW. Chai, C. Chen, SK. Poon, CW. Yang, SK. Lee, and CI.Chang, "Band expansion based over-complete independent component analysis for multispectral processing of magnetic resonance images", IEEETrans. Biomed. Eng, Vol- 55, No-6, pp: 1666–1677, 2008.

  20. Y.C. Ouyang, H.M. Chen, C. Chen, S.K. Poon, C.W. Yang, and S.K. Lee, "Independent component analysis for magnetic resonance image analysis", EURASIP J. Adv.Signal Process. Vol- 780656, 2008, http://dx.doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1155/2008/780656.

  21. CA. Cocoso, "A fully automatic and robust brain MRI tissue classification method", Med. Image Anal, Vol- 7, No- 4, pp: 513–527, 2003.

  22. J. Wanga and CI. Chang, "Independent component analysis-based dimensionality reduction with applications in hyperspectral image analysis", IEEE Trans. Geosci Remote Sens, Vol- 44, No- 6, pp: 1586–1600, 2006.

  23. R. Sadek, "Regional atrophy analysis of MRI for early detection of Alzheimer's disease", International journal of signal processing, Image Process. Pattern Recognit, Vol- 6, No- 1, pp: 49–58, 2013.

  24. Zhang D, Wang Y, Zhou L, Yuan H, Shen D (2011) Multimodal classification of Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment. Neuroimage 55:856–867

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. GA. Papakostas, A. Savio, M. Graña, and VG. Kaburlasos, "A lattice computing approach to Alzheimer's disease computer-assisted diagnosis based on MRI data", Neurocomputing, Vol- 150, pp: 37–42, 2015.

  26. C. Aguilar, E. Westman, JS. Muehlboeck, P. Mecocci, B. Vellas, and M. Tsolaki, "Different multivariate techniques for automated classification of MRI data in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment", Psychiatry Res., Vol- 212, pp:89–98, 2013.

  27. Westman E, Muehlboeck JS, Simmons A (2012) Combining MRI and CSF measures for classification of Alzheimer’s disease and prediction of mild cognitive impairment conversion. Neuroimage 62:229–238

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. AH. Andersen, WS. Rayens, Y. Liu, and CD. Smith, "Partial least squares for discrimination in fMRI data", Magn. Reson. Imaging, Vol- 30, pp: 446–452, 2012.

  29. Fan Y, Resnick SM, Wu X, Davatzikos C (2008) Structural and functional biomarkers of prodromal Alzheimer’s disease: a high-dimensional pattern classification study. Neuroimage 41:277–285

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. E. Dinesh, MS. Kumar, M. Vigneshwar, and T. Mohanraj, "Instinctive classification of Alzheimer's disease using FMRI, pet and SPECT images", in proceedings of 7th Int. Conf. Intell. Syst. Control., ISCO.2013, pp: 405–409, 2013.

  31. L. Mesrob, "DTI and structural MRI classification in Alzheimer's disease", Adv. Mol. Imaging, Vol- 02, pp: 12–20, 2012.

  32. M. Grana, M. Termenon, A. Savio, A. Gonzalez-Pinto, J. Echeveste, and JM. Perez, "Computer Aided Diagnosis system for Alzheimer Disease using brain Diffusion Tensor Imaging features selected by Pearson's correlation", Neurosci. Lett., Vol- 502, pp: 225–229, 2011.

  33. W. Lee, B. Park, and K. Han, "Classification of diffusion tensor images for the early detection of Alzheimer's disease", Comput. Biol. Med., Vol- 43, pp: 1313–1320, 2013.

  34. H. Hanyu, T. Sato, K. Hirao, H. Kanetaka, T. Iwamoto, and K. Koizumi, "The progression of cognitive deterioration and regional cerebral blood flow patterns in Alzheimer's disease: a longitudinal SPECT study", J. Neurol. Sci., Vol- 290, pp: 96–101, 2010.

  35. Gray KR, Wolz R, Heckemann RA, Aljabar P, Hammers A, Rueckert D (2012) Multi-region analysis of longitudinal FDG-PET for the classification of Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroimage 60:221–229

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. YJ. Chen, G. Deutsch, R. Satya, HG. Liu, and JM. Mountz, "A semiquantitative method for correlating brain disease groups with normal controls using SPECT: Alzheimer's disease versus vascular dementia", Comput. Med. Imaging Graph., Vol- 37, pp: 40–47, 2013.

  37. I. Beheshti and H. Demirel, "Probability distribution function based classification of structural MRI for the detection of Alzheimer's disease", Comput. Biol. Med., Vol- 64, pp: 208–216, 2015.

  38. A. Ortiz, JM. Gorriz, J. Ramírez, and FJ. Martínez-Murcia, “LVQSVM based CAD tool applied to structural MRI for the diagnosis of the Alzheimer’s disease”, Pattern Recognit. Lett., Vol- 34, pp: 1725–1733, 2013.

  39. D. Absolo, R. Hornero, P. Espino, D. Alvarez, and J. Poza, "Entropy analysis of the EEG background activity in Alzheimer's disease patients", Physiol. Meas., Vol- 27, pp: 241–253, 2006.

  40. Z. Sankari and H. Adeli, "Probabilistic neural networks for EEG-based diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease using conventional and wavelet coherence", J. Neurosci. Methods, Vol- 197, pp: 165–170, 2011.

  41. T. Locatellia, M. Cursia, D. Liberatib, M. Franceschia, and G. Comia, "EEG coherence in Alzheimer's disease. Electroencephalogram. Clin", Neurophysiol., Vol- 106, pp: 229–237, 1998.

  42. Knyazeva MG, Jalili M, Brioschi A, Bourquin I, Fornari E, Hasler M, Meuli R, Maeder P, Ghika J (2010) Topography of EEG multivariate phase synchronisation in early Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol Aging 31:1132–1144

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Varatharajan R, Manogaran G, Priyan MK, Sundarasekar R (2018) Wearable sensor devices for early detection of Alzheimer disease using dynamic time warping algorithm. Cluster Comput 21:681–690

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. LC. Kourtis, OB. Regele, and JM. Wright, "Digital biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease: the mobile/wearable devices opportunity", Digital Med, Vol- 2, pp: 9–17, 2019.

  45. Teipel S, Konig A, Hoey J, Kaye J, Kruger F, Robillard JM, Kirste T, Babiloni C (2018) Use of non-intrusive sensor-based information and communication technology for real-world evidence for clinical trials in dementia. Alzheimer’s Dementia 14(9):1216–1231

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Altafa T, Anwara SM, Gulb N, Majeeda MN, Majeed M (2018) Multi-class Alzheimer’s disease classification using image and clinical features. Biomed Signal Process Control 43:64–74

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. D. Baskar, VS. Jayanthi, and AN. Jayanthi, "An efficient classification approach for detection of Alzheimer's disease from biomedical imaging modalities", Multimed Tools Appl, pp: 1–33, 2019.

  48. M. Shahbaz, S. Ali, A. Guergachi, A. Niazi and A. Umer, "Classification of Alzheimer's Disease using Machine Learning Techniques", in Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Data Science, Technology and Applications (DATA 2019), pp: 296–303, 2019.

  49. Liu L, Zhao S, Chen H, Wang A (2019) A New Machine Learning Method for Identifying Alzheimer’s Disease. Simul Model Pract Theory 99:1–22

    Google Scholar 

  50. C. Hinrichs, V. Singh, L. Mukherjee, G. Xu, MK. Chung, and SC. Johnson, "Spatially augmented LPboosting for AD classification with evaluations on the ADNI dataset", NeuroImage, Vol- 48, pp: 138–149, 2009.

  51. DS. Che, Q. Liu, K. Rasheed, and XP. Tao, "Decision tree and ensemble learning algorithms with their applications in bioinformatics", Software Tools and Algorithms for Biological Systems, Vol- 696, pp. 191–199, 2011.

  52. M. Liu, D. Zhang, D. Shen, and the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, "Ensemble sparse classification of Alzheimer's disease", NeuroImage, Vol- 60, pp:1106–1116, 2012.

  53. Anagnostopoulos CN, Giannoukos I, Spenger C, Simmons A, Mecocci P, Soininen H, Kłoszewska I, Vellas B, Lovestone S, Tsolaki M (2013) “Classification Models for Alzheimer’s Disease Detection”, in proceedings of EANN 2013. Part II, CCIS 384:193–202

    Google Scholar 

  54. R. Armananzas, M. Iglesias, and DA. Morales, "Voxel-based diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease using classifier ensembles", IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics, Vol- xx, No.x.

  55. Kumar PR, Arunprasath T, Rajasekaran MP, Vishnuvarthanan G (2018) Computer-aided automated discrimination of Alzheimer’s disease and its clinical progression in magnetic resonance images using hybrid clustering and game theory-based classification strategies. Comput Electr Eng 72:283–295

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Maitra M, Chatterjee A (2006) A Slantlet transform based intelligent system for magnetic resonance brain image classification. Biomed Signal Process Control 1:299–306

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. ES. Dahshan, T. Hosny, and AB. Salem, "A hybrid technique for automatic MRI brain images classification", Digital Signal Processing, Vol- 20, pp: 433–441, 2010.

  58. NA. Bharti, and RK. Agrawal, "Computer Aided Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease from MRI Brain Images", in proceedings of ICIAR, Part II, LNCS 7325, Springer, pp: 259–267, 2012.

  59. R. Chaves, J. Ramirez, JM. Gorriz, CG. Puntonet, and Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, "Association rule-based feature selection method for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis", Expert Systems with Applications, Vol- 39, pp:11766–11774, 2012.

  60. I. Beheshti, H. Demirele, and Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, "Probability distribution function-based classification of structural MRI for the detection of Alzheimer's disease", Computers in Biology and Medicine, Vol- 64, pp: 208–216, 2015.

  61. Lahmiri S, Shmuel A (2018) Performance of machine learning methods applied to structural MRI and ADAS cognitive scores in diagnosing Alzheimer’s disease. Biomedical Signal Processing and Control, Vol- xxx, pp xxx–xxx

    Google Scholar 

  62. UR. Acharya, SL. Fernandes, JEW. Koh, EJ. Ciaccio, MK. M. Fabell, UJ. Tanik, V. Rajinikanth, and CH. Yeong, "Automated Detection of Alzheimer's Disease Using Brain MRI Images– A Study with Various Feature Extraction Techniques", Journal of Medical Systems, Vol- 43, pp:302, 329, 2019.

  63. Y. Ding, C. Luo, C. Li, T. Lan, ZG. Qin, "High-order correlation detecting in features for diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment", Biomedical Signal Processing and Control, Vol- 53, pp:1–12, 2019.

  64. He X, Chen L, Li X, Fu H (2019) Brain image feature recognition method for Alzheimer’s disease. Cluster Computin 22:8109–8117

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Y. Zhao and L. He, "Deep Learning in the EEG Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease", in proceedings of ACCV 2014 Workshops, Part I, LNCS 9008, Springer, pp: 340–353, 2015.

  66. Ortiz A, Munilla J, Gorriz JM, Ramırez J (2016) “Ensembles of Deep Learning Architectures for the Early Diagnosis of the Alzheimer’s Disease”, International Journal of Neural Systems, Vol- 26. No- 7:1–23

    Google Scholar 

  67. Chitradevi D, Prabha S (2020) “Analysis of brain sub-regions using optimisation techniques and deep learning method in Alzheimer disease”, Applied Soft Computing Journal, Vol- 86. No- 105857:1–34

    Google Scholar 

  68. McCrackin L (2018) “Early Detection of Alzheimer’s Disease Using Deep Learning”, in proceedings of Canadian AI 2018. LNAI 10832:355–359

    Google Scholar 

  69. Roy SS, Sikaria R, Susan A (2019) “A deep learning-based CNN approach on MRI for Alzheimer’s disease detection”, Intelligent Decision Technologies, IoS, Vol- 10. No- 08:1–11

    Google Scholar 

  70. B. Khagi, GR. Kwon, and R. Lama, "Comparative analysis of Alzheimer's disease classification by CDR level using CNN, feature selection, and machine-learning techniques", Int J Imaging Syst Technol., pp: 1–14, 2019.

  71. www.adni.loni.usc.edu [Last accessed 27–10–2020].

  72. R. Nisbet, G. Miner, and K. Yale, "Model Evaluation and Enhancement", in Handbook of Statistical Analysis and Data Mining Applications, Academic Press, pp: 215–233, ISBN 9780124166325, 2018, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-416632-5.00011-6.

  73. TA. Shaikh, R. Ali, and MMS. Beg "Transfer learning privileged information fuels CAD diagnosis of breast cancer", Machine Vision and Applications, Vol- 31, No-1, pp:1–9, 2020.

  74. TG. Dietterich, "Ensemble Methods in Machine Learning," in Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Multiple Classifier Systems, 2000.

  75. P. Dai, FG. Sridhar, M. Bauer, and M. Borrie, "Bagging Ensembles for the Diagnosis and Prognostication of Alzheimer's Disease", in Proceedings of Thirtieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp: 3944–3951.

  76. X. Zheng, J. Shi, Q. Zhang, S. Ying, and Y. Li, "Improving MRI-based diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease via an ensemble privileged information learning algorithm," in Proceedings 14th IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI 2017), Melbourne, VIC, pp: 456–459, 2017, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/ISBI.2017.7950559.

  77. Li K, Liu Z, Han Y (2012) Study of Selective Ensemble Learning Methods Based on Support Vector Machine. Proceedings of the International Conference on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Physics Procedia, Vol- 33:1518–1525

    Google Scholar 

  78. J. Eom, H. Jang, S. Kim, J. Jang, and D. Hwang, "Study on discrimination of Alzheimer's disease states using an ensemble neural network's model", in Proceedings of SPIE Medical Imaging, San Diego, California, United States, Vol- 10950, 2019, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2512732.

  79. AV. Lebedev, E. Westman, GJP. Van Westen, MG. Kramberger, A. Lundervold, D. Aarsland, H. Soininen, I. Kłoszewska, P. Mecocci, M. Tsolaki, B. Vellas, S. Lovestone, and A. Simmons, "Random Forest ensembles for detection and prediction of Alzheimer's disease with a good between-cohort robustness", NeuroImage, Vol- 6, pp: 115–125, 2014.

  80. D. Talia, P. Trunfio, and F. Marozzo, "Introduction to Data Mining", in Computer Science Reviews and Trends, Data Analysis in the Cloud, Elsevier, pp: 1–25, ISBN 9780128028810, 2016, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-802881-0.00001-9

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work is partly supported by the Research Grant of the Project entitled “Intelligent tool for automated brain disorder diagnosis from neuroimaging data: Indian perspective”, approved by National Project Implementation Unit (NPIU), MHRD, under the TEQIP-III Collaborative Research Scheme (CRS) with CRS ID: 1-5748394036.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tawseef Ayoub Shaikh.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Shaikh, T.A., Ali, R. Enhanced computerised diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease from brain MRI images using a classifier merger strategy. Int. j. inf. tecnol. 14, 1791–1803 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41870-020-00606-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41870-020-00606-6

Keywords

Navigation