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Membrane Homeostasis: The Role of Actin Cytoskeleton

  • Review Article
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Journal of the Indian Institute of Science Aims and scope

Abstract

Introduction

The plasma membrane of a cell undergoes continuous deformations and turning-over of its constituents required for a diverse set of functions. And yet, the membrane retains its steady-state surface tension—without which these functions are adversely affected.

Objectives

In this review, we discuss how the establishment and maintenance of the homeostatic state of the membrane has a major contribution from the actin cytoskeleton. The regulation of tension at the global (or cellular) scale is extensively studied for the past few decades, leading to our understanding of how actin polymerization forces, myosin-II based contractile forces, and ezrin-mediated attachment to the membrane—each have a separate and sometimes multiple possible effects on membrane tension.

Conclusions

Drawing examples from cell motility and blebbing cells, we highlight how the dynamics of the cytoskeleton decides if the steady-state tension has a uniform profile, front-rear gradients, or temporally varying tension profiles in single cells. Non-invasive studies open up new avenues especially allowing the investigations focusing on local regulation of tension—at the plasma membrane and inside cells.

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Figure 1:
Figure 2:
Figure 3:

source suffers reflection due to a difference in refractive indices. A camera is used for capturing interference images over time which helps to measure fluctuations and tension. IRM can create maps of tension and requires measurement over 40–100 s. d A cartoon of a migrating cell with front and rear end showing a gradient of membrane tension due to incorporation of FliptR, a molecular probe. The changes can be captured by fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM). The probe can detect tension changes because of the fluorescence lifetimes alterations created due to tension planarizing the fluorescent groups. Detecting tension differences by FliptR is a fast process which can used be used all over the cell membrane.

Figure 4:

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Acknowledgements

BS acknowledges support from Wellcome Trust/DBT India Alliance fellowship (Grant Number IA/I/13/1/500885), SERB (Grant Number SERV_CRG_2458), and CEFIPRA (Grant Number 6303-1). The authors are grateful to IISER Kolkata and UGC for providing scholarship to AB and RK.

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  1. Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal, 741246, India

    Arikta Biswas, Rinku Kumar & Bidisha Sinha

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  1. Arikta Biswas
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  2. Rinku Kumar
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Correspondence to Bidisha Sinha.

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Biswas, A., Kumar, R. & Sinha, B. Membrane Homeostasis: The Role of Actin Cytoskeleton. J Indian Inst Sci 101, 81–95 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41745-020-00217-x

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