Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Walking on a Tightrope: Challenges and Opportunities for Civil Society Organizations Working with Refugees and Migrants in Turkey

  • Research Papers
  • Published:
VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This qualitative study sheds light onto the working structures, make-up, and strengths and weaknesses of civil society organizations working with Syrian refugees in Turkey. The research includes 22 interviews with a variety of national and international civil society organizations (CSOs) and aims to reveal strategies they employ to communicate with and advocate on behalf of refugees. The strategies utilized by international and domestic organizations are compared and their relationships elaborated within the specific sociocultural and political context of Turkey. Results reveal that Syrian refugee advocacy in Turkey can be defined as a balancing act, where civil society organizations need to establish and nurture positive government relations, while engaging closely with their beneficiary communities and each other due to their mutually dependent funding and implementation arrangements, as well as work closely with the media to ensure effective advocacy.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Agustin, O. G. (2012). Enhancing solidarity: Discourses of voluntary organizations on immigration and integration in multicultural societies. Journal of Multicultural Discourses, 7(1), 81–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Atouba, Y. C., & Shumate, M. D. (2020). Meeting the Challenge of Effectiveness in Nonprofit Partnerships: Examining the Roles of Partner Selection, Trust, and Communication. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 31, 301–315.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • BBC (2016). Migrant crisis: EU-Turkey deal comes into effect. Last modified, 2016. Retrieved December 17, 2019. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35854413

  • Beck, S., & Manuel, K. (2008). Practical research methods for librarians and information professionals. New York, NY: Neal-Schuman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brock, K. L. (2020). Government and Non-profit Collaboration in Times of Deliverology, Policy Innovation Laboratories and Hubs and New Public Governance. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 31, 257–270.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Císař, O., & Navrátil, J. (2015). Promoting competition or cooperation? The impact of EU funding on Czech advocacy organizations. Democratization, 22(3), 536–555.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Creswell, J. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dekker, R., & Scholten, P. (2017). Framing the Immigration Policy Agenda: A Qualitative Comparative Analysis of Media Effects on Dutch Immigration Policies. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 22(2), 202–222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Denzin, K. N., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2005). The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Egholm, L., Heyse, L., & Mourey, D. (2020). Civil Society Organizations: The Site of Legitimizing the Common Good—a Literature Review. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 31, 1–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Erdoğan, M. M. (2018). Syrian Barometer: A Framework for Living in Harmony with Syrians. Istanbul: Bilgi University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erdoğan, E., & Uyan-Semerci, P. (2018). Fanus’ta Diyaloglar: Türkiye’de Kutuplaşmanın Boyutları. Istanbul: Bilgi University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fagan, A. (2005). Taking stock of civil-society development in post-communist Europe: Evidence from the Czech Republic. Democratization, 12(4), 528–547.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gall, C. (2019). Turkey’s Radical Plan: Send a Million Refugees Back to Syria. The New York Times. Retrieved November 20, 2019 from, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/10/world/middleeast/turkey-syria-refugees-erdogan.html?smid=nytcore-ios-share

  • Garkisch, M., Heidingsfelder, J., & Beckmann, M. (2017). Third Sector Organizations and Migration: A Systematic Literature Review on the Contribution of Third Sector Organizations in View of Flight, Migration and Refugee Crises. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 28, 1839–1880.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gill, P., Stewart, K., Treasure, E., & Chadwick, B. (2008). Methods of data collection in qualitative research: interviews and focus groups. British Dental Journal, 204(6), 291–295.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hammersley, M., & Atkinson, P. (1995). Ethnography: principles in practice (2nd ed.). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, C. E., Knox, S., Thompson, B. J., Williams, E. N., Hess, S. A., & Ladany, N. (2005). Consensual qualitative research: An update. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52, 196–205.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Icduygu, A. (2015) Syrian Refugees in Turkey: the Long Road Ahead, Migration Policy Institute. Retrieved on July 22, 2019 from https://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/syrian-refugees-turkey-long-road-ahead

  • Ihlen, Ø., Figenschou, T. U., & Larsen, A. G. (2015). Behind the framing scenes: Challenges and opportunities for NGOs and authorities framing irregular immigration. American Behavioral Scientist, 59(7), 822--838.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jordan, L., and Van Tuijul, P. (1998). Political Responsibility in NGO Advocacy Exploring emerging shapes of global democracy. Global Policy Forum. Retrieved October 31, 2018. https://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/176/31355.html#11

  • Kagan, S. L. (1991). United we Stand: Collaboration for Child Care and Early Education Services. New York: Teachers College Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirisci, K. (2014) Syrian Refugees and Turkey’s Challenge: Going Beyond Hospitality, The Brookings Institution. Retrieved https://www.brookings.edu/research/syrian-refugees-and-turkeys-challengesgoing-beyond-hospitality/

  • Koubek, M. (2020). When Did They Protest? Beyond Co-optation or Channeling: Effects of EU Funding on Czech Romani NGOs and Civil Society. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 31, 404–421.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Long, O. (2018). The EU-Turkey deal: Explained. Retrieved December 17, 2019. https://helprefugees.org/news/eu-turkey-deal-explained/

  • Mackreath, H., & Sağnıç, Ş. G. (2017). Civil Society and Syrian Refugees. Istanbul: Citizens’ Assembly.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maiers, C., M. Reynolds, and M. Haselkorn. (2005). Challenges to effective information and communication systems in humanitarian relief organizations. IEEE International Professional Communication Conference Proceedings. 0-7803-9028-8.

  • Martin, N. (2012). There is abuse everywhere: Migrant nonprofit organizations and the problem of precarious work. Urban Affairs Review, 48(3), 389–416.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell, J. A. (1997). Designing a Qualitative Study. In L. Bickman & D. J. Rog (Eds.), Handbook of Applied Social Research Methods (pp. 69–100). Thousand Oaks: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • McPherson, E. (2016). Source credibility as information subsidy: Strategies for successful NGO journalism at Mexican human rights NGOs. Journal of Human Rights, 15(3), 330–346.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Interior (n.d.) Directorate General of Civil Society Affairs number of active registered NGOs. Retrieved November 7, 2019. https://www.siviltoplum.gov.tr/dernek-sayilari

  • Moskovich, Y., & Binhas, A. (2015). NGOs helping migrants: An Israeli case study of counterculture. International Journal of Sociology and Social policy, 35(9/10), 635–648.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Özden, Ş. (2013). Syrian Refugees in Turkey. MPC Research report. Retrieved March, 2020. www.migrationpolicycentre.eu/docs/MPC-RR2013-05.pdf

  • Ozdora-Akşak, E., & Molleda, J. C. (2014). Immigrant integration through public relations and public diplomacy: An analysis of the Turkish Diaspora in the capital of the European Union. Turkish Studies, 15(2), 220–241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paker, H. (2019). Practicing Coexistence in Civil Society: Syrian Refugees in Turkey. Sabancı University Istanbul Policy Center. Retrieved July 29, 2019. https://ipc.sabanciuniv.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/HandePaker_PracticingCoexistence.pdf

  • Panizzon, M., & Riemsdijk, M. V. (2019). Introduction to Special issue: Migration governance in an era of large movements: a multi-level approach. Journal of Ethnic & Migration Studies, 45(8), 1225–1241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sangar, E., & Meyer, C. O. (2018). The Enduring Value of Reliable Facts Why NGOs Have Become More Influential in Conflict Discourse. In R. Fröhlich (Ed.), Media in War and Armed Conflict (pp. 191–217). New York: Routledge.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Sowa, J. E. (2008). Implementing Interagency Collaborations: Exploring Variation in Collaborative Ventures in Human Service Organizations. Administration & Society, 40(3), 298–323.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stroup, S. S., & Murdie, A. (2012). There’s No Place like Home: Explaining International NGO Advocacy. Rev Int Organ, 7, 425–448.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • UNHCR. (2018). Syria emergency. Retrieved December 27, 2018. https://www.unhcr.org/en-us/syria-emergency.html

  • Verschuere, B., & De Corte, J. (2015). Nonprofit advocacy under a third-party Government Regime: Cooperation or conflict? VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 26, 222–241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, F., & Post, J. E. (2013). Business models for people, planet profits (& profits). Exploring the phenomena of social business a market-based approach to social value creation. Small Business Economics, 40(3), 715–737.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woods, A., & Kayalı, N. (2017). Engaging Syrian Communities: The Role of Local Government in Istanbul. Istanbul: Istanbul Policy Center, Sabancı University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wren, K. (2007). Supporting asylum seekers and refugees in Glasgow: The role of multi-agency networks. Journal of Refugee Studies, 20(3), 391–413.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

Arthur Page Center for Ethics in Public Communication (1920AC001B).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Emel Özdora Akşak.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Özdora Akşak, E., Dimitrova, D. Walking on a Tightrope: Challenges and Opportunities for Civil Society Organizations Working with Refugees and Migrants in Turkey. Voluntas 33, 374–385 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-020-00312-8

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-020-00312-8

Keywords

Navigation