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Middle Pleistocene to recent diatoms and stratigraphy of the Magadi Basin, south Kenya Rift

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Abstract

Two cores were recovered from the Lake Magadi and Nasikie Engida Basins in the south Kenya Rift. Core MAG14-2A (194 m) contains a middle Pleistocene to Holocene record, whereas core NAS15/19 (4.36 m) covers only the late Holocene. Surficial sediments from springs and shallow-water sites were sampled in both basins. MAG14-2A rests on trachyte dated at 1.08 Ma. Diatoms are rare in the oldest sediments, but well preserved after about 545 ka, documenting a trend from less to more saline water. Core MAG14-2A contains fifteen facies, five of which are diatomaceous. In contrast, NAS15/19 is dominated by two facies, each containing well-preserved diatoms. Both sequences are distinct from others of similar age in the Kenya Rift in lacking pedogenic horizons, reflecting the location of Lake Magadi and Nasikie Engida in a tectonic sump where aquatic environments were maintained by geothermal and meteoric springs. Canonical Correspondence Analysis distinguishes three assemblages in the modern surface muds of Lake Magadi and Nasikie Engida, but with no pre-Holocene counterparts. Eleven diatom zones are recognised in MAG14-2A: Zones D2 to D10 contain rare to common diatoms dominated by Aulacoseira granulata and its varieties, Aulacoseira agassizii, Thalassiosira faurii, Thalassiosira rudolfi and Cyclotella meneghiniana. Individual samples commonly include a mixture of benthic and planktonic taxa and saline and freshwater species. These assemblages indicate waters that ranged between pH 7.4 and 11.5 with conductivities of ~ 300 to > 25,000 μS cm−1. Correlations with the neighbouring Olorgesailie and Koora Basins indicate four major environmental phases that affected the south Kenya Rift during the last million years with fresh to moderately saline water, or land surfaces, developing during Phase I (1000 to 750 ka). These environments gave way to generally wetter conditions and freshwater lakes in all basins during Phase II (~ 750 to 500 ka). Phase III (~ 500 to 325 ka) was characterised by drier conditions with paleoenvironments becoming more variable and dry during Phase IV (325 ka to present).

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Acknowledgements

The Hominin Sites and Palaeolakes Drilling Project was funded by ICDP and NSF grants (EAR-1123942, BCS-1241859, and EAR-1338553) with diatom studies supported by the Hong Kong Research Grants Council (HKBU 12300815). We also thank the National Museum of Kenya and the Kenyan National Council for Science and Technology and Kenyan Ministry of Mines for providing research and export permits. The National Environmental Management Authority of Kenya provided environmental permits for drilling. We also thank DOSECC Exploration Services for drilling supervision, the Operational Support Group of ICDP for providing downhole logging services and the US National Lacustrine Core Facility (LacCore). Tata Chemicals and the Magadi County Council provided local support. GDC acknowledges funding from the Belgian Science Policy (BR/121/A2/PAMEXEA) and the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO). This is publication 28 of the Hominin Sites and Paleolakes Drilling Project.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Earth Sciences, Palynology and Paleobotany Section, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya

    Veronica M. Muiruri

  2. Department of Geography, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China

    Richard Bernhart Owen

  3. Limnology Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000, Ghent, Belgium

    Gijs de Cort

  4. Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E2, Canada

    Robin W. Renaut

  5. Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA

    Nathan M. Rabideaux

  6. Department of Geological Sciences, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA

    Tim K. Lowenstein & Kennie Leet

  7. CENIEH, Paseo Sierra de Atapuerca 3, 09002, Burgos, Spain

    Mark Sier

  8. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3AN, UK

    Mark Sier

  9. Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA

    Andrew Cohen

  10. Department of Geoscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30302, USA

    Dan Deocampo

  11. Institute of Human Origins, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-410, USA

    Christopher J. Campisano

  12. Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA

    Anne Billingsley

  13. Tata Chemicals Magadi, Box 1, Magadi, Kenya

    Anthony Mbuthia

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  1. Veronica M. Muiruri
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Muiruri, V.M., Owen, R.B., de Cort, G. et al. Middle Pleistocene to recent diatoms and stratigraphy of the Magadi Basin, south Kenya Rift. J Paleolimnol 65, 315–333 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-020-00173-7

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