Abstract
In this study, we examined the temporal variations of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) prediction skill during 1958–2016 in the context of the evolution in the tropical Pacific subsurface ocean observing system. To examine the temporal variations of the seasonal prediction skill, spatial correlation skill (SCS) of the predicted SST anomalies (SSTA) in the tropical Pacific Ocean within 10oS-10oN and temporal correlation skill (TCS) of the area-averaged SSTA throughout the same basin for the four periods of 1958–1978, 1979–1994, 1995–2005 and 2006–2016 were evaluated. These periods correspond to low amount, first increase, medium amount and second increase of the subsurface ocean temperature observations. Our results show that the influence of the observing system is detectable in the skill increase—both in SCS and TCS metrics—during the period 1995–2005. However, the impact of the subsurface ocean observing system is difficult to quantify in the prediction skill metrics during 2006–2016. It is shown that SCS is determined to a large extent by the magnitude of the observed SSTA in the target month. There is visible skill increase in the TCS before and after 1979, but this appears to be the result of variations in the properties of the verifying SST. Thus, potential impacts of the observing system are masked by climate variations of SST at decadal time scales, which may be real or result of variations in the SST observing system. In particular, the multidecadal modulations of the tropical Pacific SST associated with the climate shifts in the late 1970s and the early 2000s have more significant influence on prediction skill than the changes in observing system.
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Acknowledgements
This work is supported by the NOAA MAPP drought project (NA17OAR4310144). We thank ECMWF for providing the ORAS4 ocean initial states for the CFSv2 sixty-year seasonal reforecasts and acknowledge the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE) for providing the computational resources for us to carrying out these reforecasts.
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Huang, B., Shin, CS., Kumar, A. et al. The relative roles of decadal climate variations and changes in the ocean observing system on seasonal prediction skill of tropical Pacific SST. Clim Dyn 56, 3045–3063 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-021-05630-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-021-05630-1