Abstract
In fly ash–contaminated soils, metal buildup and translocation and their subsequent uptake in different parts of naturally growing plants were studied. The mean metal levels in soil and plants at uncontaminated site were significantly (p < 0.01) lower than the contaminated site. In polluted soils, metal enrichment factor (EF) was observed in order of Cd > Fe> Cr > Zn > Pb > Cu > Ni > Mn. The shoot enrichment factor (SEF) of Pithecellobium dulce (P. dulce) was Cd > Fe > Zn > Cr > Ni > Cu > Mn > Pb, whereas for Azadirachta indica (A. Indica) and Cassia fistula (C. fistula), the SEF was of the order Fe > Cd > Cr > Zn> Ni > Mn > Cu > Pb, respectively. Root enrichment factor (REF) for P. dulce was Cd > Fe > Zn > Ni > Cu > Cr = Mn > Pb, but in A. indica, the REF was Fe > Cd > Zn > Ni > Mn > Pb > Cu > Cr, and in C. fistula, this order was Fe > Cd > Zn > Ni > Cr > Cu > Mn > Pb. Metal mobilization ratio in plants at both sites were below 1, except Mn and Fe at contaminated site. Single and combined element pollution indexes (SEPI and CPI) and shoot contamination factor (SCF) at contaminated soil were higher than uncontaminated, but root contamination factor (RCF) between sites shows a variable response. From ANOVA results, metal concentration showed significant variation due to site, plants, location, and season interactions.
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Acknowledgments
The authors extend their appreciation to the Deputyship for Research & Innovation, “Ministry of Education” in Saudi Arabia for funding this research work through the project number IFKSURG-1438-039.
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Sami Ullah Qadir, Vaseem Raja, and Weqar Ahmad Siddiqi conceived the experimental design, and Sami Ullah Qadir and Vaseem Raja performed the experiments. Mohammed Nasser Alyemeni, Leonard Wijaya, and Parvaiz Ahmad analyzed the data and helped in writing the manuscript. Parvaiz Ahmad and Weqar Ahmad Siddiqi critically revised the manuscript to the present form.
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Qadir, S.U., Raja, V., Siddiqi, W.A. et al. Heavy metal bioaccumulation by selected plants from fly ash–contaminated soils in suburban area. Arab J Geosci 14, 116 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-06445-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-06445-w