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How does frontal age influence physiological status of bacteria: a case study from the Northeastern Arabian Sea

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Abstract

Sea surface temperature fronts in the Northeastern Arabian Sea (NEAS) facilitate nutrient enhancement in the surface layers, resulting in high primary production. Such high production areas contribute to the accumulation of fresh organic matter rich in carbohydrates, thereby supporting higher heterotrophic metabolism. Transparent exopolysaccharides (TEP) are one of the carbohydrate polymers released as exudates during primary production or decaying process and their breakdown is mediated by a set of ectoenzymes that includes glucosidases and chitinases. Observations were carried out in different aged NEAS fronts to elucidate the influence of frontal age on the abundance of TEP, bacterial nucleic acid content (high nucleic acid content, HNA and low nucleic acid content, LNA), and ectoenzymatic activities. The fronts were classified as younger and older, depending on their first appearance and sampling day. A clear transition from HNA to LNA bacteria, variations in TEP and related ectoenzymatic activities in the fronts was influenced by the frontal age. The younger fronts were dominated by HNA bacteria, α-glucosidase, and chitinase activity. In contrast, an acceleration in β-glucosidase activity, bacterial production, which was related to TEP concentration, was evident in the older fronts. Further, a significant increase in protist numbers in older fronts was related to effective grazing on HNA bacteria and TEP. The active turnover of TEP by bacteria and protists facilitates strong microbial loop in NEAS frontal regions. Elucidating contribution of such changes in the frontal areas will provide a basis for a better understanding of microbial carbon cycling.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank The Director, NIO, for his support and the captain, officers and crew members of SSK # 060 cruise for helping us on-board. We also thank other members of the cruise and Ocean Finder teammates. The present study was supported by the OCEAN FINDER programme PSC 0105 of CSIR-NIO. R.E. acknowledges CSIR for the award of Senior Research Fellowship (SRF award no: 31/26(282)/2015-EMRI). He is a registered doctoral student in the School of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Goa University. This is a NIO contribution No. 6655.

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    Lidita Khandeparker, Ranjith Eswaran & Arga Chandrashekar Anil

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27_2020_770_MOESM1_ESM.pdf

Supplementary file1 Spatial and vertical profiles of a) HNA-complexity (SSC) b) LNA-complexity (SSC), c) HNA-DNA content (FL1), d) LNA-DNA content (FL1), e) variation in DNA content ratio of HNA and LNA bacteria, f) variation between complexity ratio of HNA and LNA bacteria along the cruise transect. Profiles with a symbol are "frontal"; unmarked profiles are "non-frontal" stations in each transect (PDF 4110 KB)

27_2020_770_MOESM2_ESM.eps

Supplementary file2 Response of abiotic and biotic variables in the non-front and fronts of different regions in the NEAS. All values are expressed as a depth-integrated; X-axis indicate different variables; Different Y-axis represent the units for different variables. (EPS 1617 KB)

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Khandeparker, L., Eswaran, R. & Anil, A.C. How does frontal age influence physiological status of bacteria: a case study from the Northeastern Arabian Sea. Aquat Sci 83, 17 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00027-020-00770-8

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