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The functional relevance of olfactory marker protein in the vertebrate olfactory system: a never-ending story

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Abstract

Olfactory marker protein (OMP) was first described as a protein expressed in olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) in the nasal cavity. In particular, OMP, a small cytoplasmic protein, marks mature ORNs and is also expressed in the neurons of other nasal chemosensory systems: the vomeronasal organ, the septal organ of Masera, and the Grueneberg ganglion. While its expression pattern was more easily established, OMP’s function remained relatively vague. To date, most of the work to understand OMP’s role has been done using mice lacking OMP. This mostly phenomenological work has shown that OMP is involved in sharpening the odorant response profile and in quickening odorant response kinetics of ORNs and that it contributes to targeting of ORN axons to the olfactory bulb to refine the glomerular response map. Increasing evidence shows that OMP acts at the early stages of olfactory transduction by modulating the kinetics of cAMP, the second messenger of olfactory transduction. However, how this occurs at a mechanistic level is not understood, and it might also not be the only mechanism underlying all the changes observed in mice lacking OMP. Recently, OMP has been detected outside the nose, including the brain and other organs. Although no obvious logic has become apparent regarding the underlying commonality between nasal and extranasal expression of OMP, a broader approach to diverse cellular systems might help unravel OMP’s functions and mechanisms of action inside and outside the nose.

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Abbreviations

AC3:

Adenylyl cyclase type III

Ano2:

Anoctamin 2

AP:

Action potential

Bex1-6:

Brain-expressed X-linked protein 1–6

cAMP:

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate

CNG:

Cyclic nucleotide-gated

CNGA2, CNGA4:

cyclic nucleotide-gated alpha 2 or 4 subunit

CNGB1:

Cyclic nucleotide-gated beta 1 subunit

EOG:

Electro-olfactogram

EphA, EphB:

ephrin A or B receptor

ETC:

External tufted cell

FMRP:

Fragile X mental retardation protein

GBC:

Globose basal cell

GFP:

Green fluorescent protein

Golf :

Olfactory G protein

Gs :

G protein

HBC:

Horizontal basal cell

IBMX:

3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine

K1-18:

Cytokeratin 1–18

Kir2.1:

Inwardly rectifying potassium channel

KO:

Knockout

M71:

Olfactory receptor type

mOR-23:

Olfactory receptor type

mOR-EG:

Olfactory receptor type

NCKX4:

K+-dependent Na+/Ca2+ exchanger 4

NCX:

Na+/Ca2+ exchanger

Nrp1:

Neuropilin 1

OB:

Olfactory bulb

OE:

Olfactory epithelium

OMP:

Olfactory marker protein

OR:

Olfactory receptor

ORN:

Olfactory receptor neuron

PDE:

Phosphodiesterases

PlxnA1:

Plexin A1

Sus:

 Sustentacular

WT:

Wild-type

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Funding

This work was supported by NIH/NIDCD grants R01DC016647 (JR) and R21DC018358 (FG). DAK is supported by NIH/NIDCD-funded Monell Institutional Training Grant T32DC000014.

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  1. Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, University of Bari “A. Moro”, Bari, Italy

    Michele Dibattista

  2. Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA

    Dolly Al Koborssy, Federica Genovese & Johannes Reisert

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  1. Michele Dibattista
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  3. Federica Genovese
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  4. Johannes Reisert
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Correspondence to Johannes Reisert.

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Dibattista, M., Al Koborssy, D., Genovese, F. et al. The functional relevance of olfactory marker protein in the vertebrate olfactory system: a never-ending story. Cell Tissue Res 383, 409–427 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00441-020-03349-9

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