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Biodiesel production via esterification of oleic acid catalyzed by Brønsted acid-functionalized porphyrin grafted with benzimidazolium-based ionic liquid as an efficient photocatalyst

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Abstract

The production of ethyl oleate was explored using novel metal-free Brønsted acid-functionalized porphyrin, grafted with benzimidazolium-based ionic liquid (BAPBIL) as a recyclable photocatalyst. The synthesized photocatalyst was characterized by FT-NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy techniques. The esterification reaction was carried out under a homemade photoreactor equipped with a 5 W LED as a visible light source. In this work, BAPBIL displayed as an efficient photocatalyst for esterification of oleic acid and levulinic acid using different alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, and octanol at ambient conditions. The mechanism of the photocatalyst was studied to confirm the role of the catalyst. Moreover, a scavenger study showed the effect of the scavenger on the rate of esterification of oleic acid. The heterogeneous recyclable photocatalyst (BAPBIL) presented recyclability up to five successive runs without losing its activity. The maximum conversion of the esterification product was achieved at 96% at optimized reaction conditions.

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Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge VIT-SIF SAS and the SEM Facility at SBST VIT, Vellore, for instrumentation facilities. The authors also thank VIT for providing “VIT SEED GRANT” for carrying out this research work. We kindly acknowledge VIT Management, Department of Chemistry (SAS), and “Smart Materials Laboratory for Biosensing and Catalysis” for providing basic facilities for research work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, India

    Shital Haribhau Barange, Subodh Uttamrao Raut, Karan Jeevanlal Bhansali & Pundlik Rambhau Bhagat

  2. Department of Chemistry, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 602105, India

    Kamlesh Rudreshwar Balinge

  3. Chemical Engineering Department, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, 211004, India

    Dipesh S. Patle

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  1. Shital Haribhau Barange
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Correspondence to Pundlik Rambhau Bhagat.

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Highlights

• Brønsted acid-functionalized porphyrin grafted with benzimidazolium-based ionic liquid (BAPBIL) synthesized.

• BAPBIL photocatalyst explored for biodiesel production using homemade photoreactor under visible light.

• Scavenger study confirmed the formation of holes and electrons during photocatalytic esterification of oleic acid.

• BAPBIL showed good recyclability up to five successive runs.

• Photocatalytic protocol applied for esterification of levulinic acid with different alcohols.

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Barange, S.H., Raut, S.U., Bhansali, K.J. et al. Biodiesel production via esterification of oleic acid catalyzed by Brønsted acid-functionalized porphyrin grafted with benzimidazolium-based ionic liquid as an efficient photocatalyst. Biomass Conv. Bioref. 13, 1873–1888 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-020-01242-7

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