Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-mp689 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-19T03:54:50.946Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

“Neoliberalism is Fascism and Should Be Criminalized”: Bulgarian Populism as Left-Wing Radicalism

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 August 2017

Abstract

The main argument presented in this essay is that the politics of Ataka, the most successful and influential populist party in Bulgaria, should be construed as a form of left-wing radicalism. Originally a nationalist formation, over the last decade Ataka has evolved into a broader social movement that blames free markets, neoliberalism, and US led neocolonialism for the country's misfortunes. Today its activists routinely assault liberal democracy as a political system unable to cope with the evils of capitalism, and seek to marginalize political actors and social constituencies identified as pro-western.

Type
Critical Forum: Global Populisms
Copyright
Copyright © Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. Bobbio, Norberto, Left and Right: The Significance of a Political Distinction (Chicago, 1996)Google Scholar, 95.

2. When it comes to elucidating the elasticity and elusiveness of “populism,” the 1969 volume edited by Ghiţa Ionescu and Ernest Gellner is still unsurpassed, Populism: Its Meaning and National Characteristics (New York, 1969)Google Scholar.

3. On Ataka’s early history, see Popova, Maria, “Who Brought Ataka to the Political Scene?” in Dragostinova, Theodora and Hashamova, Yana, eds., Beyond Mosque, Church and State: Alternative Narratives of the Nation in the Balkans (Budapest, 2016), 259–86Google Scholar.

4. Ataka won 8.1% of the votes in 2005, 9.4% in 2009, 7.3% in 2013, and 4.5% in 2014; it sent three deputies to Brussels in 2007 and two in 2009.

5. Quoted by Magaš, Branka, The Destruction of Yugoslavia: Tracking the Break-Up, 1980–1992 (London, 1993)Google Scholar, 58.

6. Homen, Sean, “To Begin at the Beginning Again: Žižek in Yugoslavia,” Slavic Review 72, No. 4 (Winter 2013): 710–13Google Scholar.

7. Müller, Jan-Werner, What is Populism? (Philadelphia, 2016), 1920 CrossRefGoogle Scholar, italics in the original.

8. See Popova, “Who Brought Ataka,” 277–278.

9. Freeden, Michael, Ideology: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford, 2003)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 98.

10. Ganev, Venelin I., “Ballots, Bribes and State Building in Bulgaria,” The Journal of Democracy, 17, No.1 (Winter 2006): 7589 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

11. New Path for Bulgaria (NP) is available online at http://ataka.bg/Programa_ATAKA_PLAN.pdf (last accessed May 8, 2017); Siderov’s Plan Against Colonial Slavery (SP) at http://ataka.bg/Programa_ATAKA_PLAN_full.pdf (last accessed may 8, 2017).

12. New Path for Bulgaria (NP), p. 1.

13. Ibid.

14. New Path for Bulgaria (NP), p. 5.

15. See the Programme here: http://www.syriza.gr/article/SYRIZA—THE-THESSALONIKI-PROGRAMME.html#.WHk5B1yHNAg (last accessed May 8, 2017).

16. Verdedy, Katherine, What Was Socialism, and What Comes Next? (Princeton, 1996), 3957 Google Scholar. The term “etatization” was coined by Romanian writer Norman Manea and derives from the Romanian verb “etatizare” which means “the process of statizing.”

17. On anti-liberalism, see Holmes, Stephen, The Anatomy of Antiliberalism (Cambridge, Mass., 1993)Google Scholar.

18. Wallerstein, Immanuel, World-Systems Analysis: An Introduction (Durham, 2004)Google Scholar.

19. On 1997 as a political threshold, see Ganev, Venelin I., “Bulgaria’s Symphony of Hope,” The Journal of Democracy, 8, No.4 (October 1997): 124–39CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

20. Hardt, Michael and Negri, Antonio, Empire (Cambridge, Mass., 2000)Google Scholar, xi, xii.

21. “Volen Siderov za komunista Borisov—izkazvanie v parlamenta, YouTube video, 13:09, posted by Stefan Sarafov, December 12, 2016, at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rMNgzCoFiHo (last accessed May 8, 2017).”

22. See Müller, Populism, 21.

23. Berman, Sheri, The Primacy of Politics: Social Democracy and the Making of Europe’s Twentieth Century (New York, 2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

24. Žižek, Slavoj, “A Leninist Gesture Today,” in Budgen, Sebastian, Kouvelakis, Eustache, and Žižek, Slavoj, eds., Lenin Reloaded: Toward a Politics of Truth (Durham, 2007)Google Scholar, 95.

25. Ivan Krastev, “The Populist Moment,” Eurozine, (2007): http://www.eurozine.com/articles/2007-09-18-krastev-en.html (last accessed on May 8, 2017).

26. Popova, “Who Brought Ataka,” 277; and Pierre Rosanvallon, “Penser le populisme,” La vie des idées, posted September 27, 2011, at http://www.laviedesidees.fr/Penser-le-populisme.html (last accessed May 8, 2017).

27. “Plana Ran Ut Susipvaneto na Bulgaria,”YouTube video, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QNRcav8j5PA (no longer available).

28. “Prof. Stanislav Stanilov za fashizma,” YouTube video, posted by Blife Eu, April 28, 2016, at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V3lM4wstSqU (last accessed May 9, 2017).

29. Moffitt, Benjamin, The Global Rise of Populism: Performance, Political Style, and Representation (Stanford, 2017)Google Scholar, 45.

30. Klein, Naomi, The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism (New York, 2007)Google Scholar, 18.

31. This argument is developed more fully in Venelin I. Ganev, “The Intellectual History of Postcommunism: Why We Need It, and How Not to Write It,” Perspectives on Politics (forthcoming).

32. For a critique of neoliberalism-centered analyses of postcommunism, see Ganev, Venelin I., “The ‘Triumph of Neoliberalism’ Reconsidered,” East European Politics and Societies, 19, No. 3 (Summer 2005): 343–78CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

33. Goethe, Faust, Part I, Act III, 1991–1992 (Princeton, 1994).

34. On “the intellectual organization of political hatreds,” see Benda, Julien, The Treason of the Intellectuals (New York, 1969)Google Scholar, 27.

35. Cass Mudde, “The Problem with Populism,” February 17, 2015, at: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/feb/17/problem-populism-syriza-podemos-dark-side-europe (last accessed May 9, 2017).

36. Laclau, Ernesto, On Populist Reason (London, 2005), 7778 Google Scholar.