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Editing the first Journal of World History: global history from inside the kitchen
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 08 July 2019
Abstract
This article offers the first study of the Cahiers d’Histoire Mondiale, the Journal of World History published under the auspices of UNESCO from 1953 to 1972 as a by-product of the ‘History of mankind’ project. Drawing on material in the UNESCO archives, it delves into what Lucien Febvre, the first editor of the Cahiers, called his ‘kitchen’, in order to understand world history as a practice. Data on author origin and article subject matter point to the journal’s mitigated success in overcoming Eurocentrism. The article ultimately contends that the Cahiers was at once a laboratory that experimented with new forms of relational history, and a forum where the very nature of world history was discussed by scholars from around the world (mainly from the West, but also from the East and the South). It suggests that today’s epistemological discussion on global history might benefit from the reflection offered by this now largely forgotten experiment.
Keywords
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Footnotes
†
This article started as a workshop held at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris. Many thanks to the students who got the research off the ground (Aurélien Bonvoisin, Aurélien Davout, Anne Fauvet, Claudio Felisi, Sergey Ledenev, Solène Levatois, Belinda Missiroli, Vincent Perrot, Laurent Pugnot-Lambert, Olivier Roger, and Aline Waltzing) and to the co-organizers Marie-Bénédicte Vincent and Blaise Wilfert-Portal. Chloé Maurel, Katja Naumann, and Romain Faure shared their expertise early on. We are immensely grateful to the historian Denis Crouzet for affording us access to his father’s papers. The first results were presented at a panel of the Fourth European Congress on World and Global History, held in Paris in 2014. Special thanks are due to Éléonore Chanlat-Bernard and Olivia Pfender for giving papers and for their overall contribution. Charles Paperman invented a way to visualize the data on world regions, and Sarah Abel, Andrew Edwards, and Joseph Gunther helped with editing. For precious insights and guidance, we are grateful to Sven Beckert, Antoine Lilti, Marie Scot, Silvia Sebastiani, and Anne-Marie Chartier. Finally, we thank the JGH editors and two anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments.
References
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21 UNESCO, SCHM 52, Carneiro to Febvre, n.d.
22 UNESCO, SCHM 52, Febvre to Carneiro, 22 July 1953.
23 Febvre, Lucien, ‘Sur une nouvelle collection d’histoire’, Annales. ESC, 9, 1, 1954, pp. 1–6.Google Scholar This footnote was marked with red by Guy S. Métraux, Secretary General to the Commission, who deplored the ‘negative impact [it had had] on the opinion of French historians’ (UNESCO, SCHM 54, Press clippings).
24 UNESCO, SCHM 19, Ralph E. Turner to Guy S. Métraux, 9 June 1952.
25 UNESCO, SCHM 50, Title page project, n.d. Initially, Turner had planned on twelve languages, the plate ‘illustrating a cultural object – statue, building, painting, etc. – from a culture whose name is not in this title’ (UNESCO, SCHM 19, Turner to Métraux, 9 June 1952)Google Scholar. He then submitted a simplified project with the trilingual title ‘HISTOIRE MONDIALE/WORLD HISTORY/HISTORIA MUNDI’ (François Crouzet private papers, Paris, François Crouzet to Febvre, 30 September 1952)Google Scholar.
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28 François Crouzet private papers, Crouzet on behalf of Febvre to fourteen French scholars, ‘Partie commune de toutes les lettres à envoyer à des destinataires français’, n.d. See also Febvre, Lucien to Berr, Henri, 17 April 1953, in Febvre, Lucien, Lettres à Henri Berr (1911–1954), Paris: Fayard, 1997, p. 617 Google Scholar.
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51 UNESCO, SCHM 1, Financial position as at 31 December 1955.
52 UNESCO, SCHM 50, Métraux to Carneiro, 22 October 1953. Morazé, quoted by Métraux, had mentioned a yearly FF300,000, i.e. US$850. Métraux considered this to be excessive, in view of the usual UNESCO translation rates.
53 UNESCO, SCHM 53, Corbaz printer sales department representative to Hermann Hauser, director of La Baconnière, 27 January 1961. See also UNESCO, SCHM 2, Report of activities 1965.
54 UNESCO, SCHM 50, Métraux to a corresponding member, n.d. (c.1954).
55 W. C. S. to Métraux, 22 October 1955, quoted in UNESCO, SCHM 1, ‘Report of Activities. July–December 1955’.
56 UNESCO, SCHM 1, ‘Note sur les Cahiers d’histoire mondiale’, 17 May 1957. La Baconnière had achieved international recognition at the end of the Second World War by publishing the famous journal Cahiers du Rhône.
57 UNESCO, SCHM 50, Clipping of an advertisement for the Cahiers d’Histoire Mondiale.
58 UNESCO, SCHM 2, ‘Rapport d’activités juillet–décembre 1959’.
59 UNESCO, SCHM 53, Hauser to Métraux, 22 September 1968.
60 These figures represent the maximum number of commercial subscriptions in each country, respectively for volumes 10 (USA), 1 (France), and 10 (Germany).
61 These figures have been collected online from the collective catalogue of French libraries (https://ccfr.bnf.fr/).
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63 Ibid .
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78 Busia, Kofi A., ‘West Africa in the twentieth century’, CHM, 4, 1, 1957, pp. 203–17Google Scholar; and Okigbo, Pius, ‘Factors in West African economic history’, CHM, 4, 1, 1957, pp. 218–30Google Scholar. On the History of Africa, see Maurel, Chloé, ‘L’histoire générale de l’Afrique de l’UNESCO’, Cahiers d’Études Africaines, 215, 2014, pp. 715–37CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
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97 UNESCO, SCHM 52, Métraux to Febvre, 6 March 1956.
98 UNESCO, SCHM 52, Febvre to Métraux, 12 March 1956.
99 UNESCO, SCHM 2, Confidential report from Morazé to Carneiro, 16 October 1953.
100 See Zhukov, Y. M., ‘A ten-volume “World history” in preparation in the U.S.S.R.’, CHM, 2, 2, 1954, pp. 489–93Google Scholar.
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103 Hodgson, Marshall G. S., ‘Hemispheric interregional history as an approach to world history’, CHM, 1, 3, 1954, pp. 715–23Google Scholar.
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106 Hodgson, ‘Hemispheric interregional history’, p. 722.
107 Ibid ., p. 716.
108 Zhukov, ‘Des principes d’une “Histoire universelle”’, p. 528.
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111 For an example of the former, see Rojkoff, M. V., ‘Le commerce de la Russie avec l’Asie Centrale dans les années 60 du XIXe siècle’, CHM, 9, 4, 1965, pp. 953–86Google Scholar; for an example of the latter, see Demiéville, Paul, ‘La pénétration du bouddhisme dans la tradition philosophique chinoise’, CHM, 3, 1, 1956, p. 19–38 Google Scholar, considered in a relational nature, even though only one geographic entity (China) is explicit in the title.
112 Lewis, Bernard, ‘The impact of the French Revolution on Turkey’, CHM, 1, 1, 1953, pp. 105–25Google Scholar; Henri, Laurent Pierre, ‘Antwerp versus Bremen: transatlantic steamship diplomacy and European port rivalry, 1839–1846’, CHM, 9, 4, 1965, pp. 938–52Google Scholar; Mintz, Sidney, ‘The Caribbean as a socio-cultural area’, CHM, 9, 4, 1965, pp. 912–37Google Scholar; Mollat, Michel, ‘Les relations de l’Afrique de l’Est avec l’Asie: essai de position de quelques problèmes historiques’, CHM, 13, 2, 1971, pp. 291–316 Google Scholar; Loehr, George R., ‘The sinicization of missionary artists and their work at the Manchu court during the XVIIIth century’, CHM, 7, 3, 1962, pp. 795–816 Google Scholar.
113 For instance, Entralgo, Pablo Laín and Piñero, José María López, ‘The Spanish contribution to world science’, CHM 6, 4, 1960, pp. 948–68Google Scholar.
114 Circulation, though a key concept in global history today, was not used. See Gänger, Stefanie, ‘Circulation: reflections on circularity, entity, and liquidity in the language of global history’, Journal of Global History, 12, 2017, pp. 303–18CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
115 Pocock, D. F., ‘Notes on the interaction of English and Indian thought in the 19th century’, CHM, 4, 4, 1958, pp. 833–48Google Scholar.
116 Masaaki, Kosaka, ‘The aggressive influence of the Occident on Japanese culture’, CHM, 5, 4, 1960, pp. 915–28Google Scholar; Little, K., ‘African culture and the Western intrusion’, CHM, 3, 4, 1957, pp. 941–64Google Scholar.
117 Drayton, Richard and Motadel, David, ‘Discussion: the futures of global history’, Journal of Global History, 13, 1, 2018, pp. 1–21 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
118 A number of articles were reprinted in the ‘Readers in the history of mankind’ series, which seem to have met with considerable success (see Paulo Carneiro, ‘Biennial report by the president of the International Commission for a History of the Scientific and Cultural Development of Mankind to the fourteenth session for the UNESCO General Conference’, 10 October 1966, http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0016/001602/160277EB.pdf (consulted 2 December 2016)). Paradoxically, this contributed to the invisibility of the Cahiers as a scholarly publication.
119 Latour, Bruno, Science in action: how to follow scientists and engineers through society, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987 Google Scholar.
120 See the summary of Febvre’s post-war activity in Burke, Peter, The French historical revolution: the Annales school, 1929–89, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990, p. 31 Google Scholar. See also the standard work, Müller, Bertrand, Lucien Febvre: lecteur et critique, Paris: A. Michel, 2003.Google Scholar For an interesting discussion of Febvre’s perspective on global history, see Lilti, Antoine, ‘L’impossible histoire globale: parcours de la civilisation’, in Lilti, Antoine, Loriga, Sabina, Schaub, Jean-Frédéric, and Sebastiani, Silvia, eds., L’expérience historiographique: autour de Jacques Revel, Paris: Éditions de l’École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, 2016, pp. 181–99Google Scholar.
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