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How International Are the Top International Journals of Criminology and Criminal Justice?

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A Commentary to this article was published on 10 December 2019

A Commentary to this article was published on 03 December 2019

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to assess the level of international, non-Anglo-American involvement in the editorial boards and content of the leading international journals of criminology and criminal law to investigate a reported bias against non-Anglo-American material. The research employed editorial board and content analysis of ten leading journals of criminology and criminal law, selected because of their international involvement according to their own aims and scope’s description. Most of the ten journals were found to have low levels of international involvement, with high proportions of both Anglo-American authors and data, and Anglo-American membership of editorial boards. The editorial board analysis also revealed institutional links with journal boards and a network of overlapping membership between the editorial boards. This suggests the existence of networks of Anglo-American scholars who are naturally inclined to favour research that fits their worldview. Such networks create a hierarchy of knowledge that favours the one produced in the US and the UK and promotes the scientific success of Anglo-American scholars and contents. However, although the shadow of Anglo-American dominance continues to lie over the two fields, there is also evidence of increasing research and authorship diversity. Perhaps, we are entering a new era of research internationalism.

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Notes

  1. In this paper, we adopt the meaning of ‘Anglo-American’ in the Cambridge Dictionary, as a term used to refer to something involving the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States of America (US). More concretely, as to denote the cultural sphere shared by the UK and the US.

  2. First meaning of ‘international’ according to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary (Indexed & Unabridged Edition) 2002. Available at http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=international&x=0&y=0 .

  3. It would also be possible to speak about the Anglosphere as practically coincidental with the Inner Circle, in terms of Kachru’s ‘concentric circles’ (1986): The Inner Circle, integrated by countries that represent the traditional bases of English—the UK, the US, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, Anglophone Canada and some of the Caribbean territories; the Outer Circle, countries where English is not the native tongue, but is important for historical reasons and plays a part in the nation’s institutions, either as an official language or otherwise—India, Israel, Nigeria, the Philippines, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Malaysia, Tanzania, Kenya, non-Anglophone South Africa and Canada; and the Expanding Circle, which encompasses those countries where English plays no historical or governmental role, but where it is nevertheless widely used as a foreign language. This includes much of the rest of the world’s population: China, Russia, Japan, most of Europe, Korea, Egypt, Indonesia, etc.

  4. We know that there is also stratification within the Anglosphere, but it is not relevant for the argument developed here.

  5. See Zitt and Bassecoulard (1998), Ren and Rousseau (2002), Rey-Rocha and Martín-Sempere (2004), Uzun (2004), Buela-Casal et al. (2006) and Dyachenko (2014).

  6. By identifying and tracking the most influential authors in criminology, previous research has shown a segmented recognition by journals and world regions (Fabianic 1981; Taggart and Holmes 1991; Sorensen 1994; Sorensen and Pilgrim 2002; Wright 1995, 2000, 2002). The most cited authors do not resist the cross-national comparative analysis (Cohn and Farrington 1994, 1999; Cohn et al. 2013, 2017; Cohn and Iratzoqui 2016). The lack of concordance questions the reliability of this measure of scholarly influence. Moreover, it badly reflects the internationalisation of the journal.

  7. To speak about nationalities here could be understood as a form of methodological nationalism. We think that in this study, it is unavoidable to consider the nation state as unit of analysis—in combination with the Anglosphere and the concentric circles—because the institutional affiliation per se would be too dispersing. We are well aware that an editor’s institutional affiliation does not accurately reflect her or his nationality, because many editorial board members work in a country different from their country of origin. However, the institutional affiliation is indicated in the journals’ webpage, showing that this is important information for them, while editors’ nationality is not addressed. Moreover, many studies suggest that irrespective of nationality, country of affiliation is a strong proxy for the current academic network as well as for education and professional standing (Ravenides 2008; Harzing and Metz 2013; Kim et al. 2018).

  8. Twenty-three universities provided four or more board members each, with five institutions providing more than seven board members each: University of California (15 board members), University of Oxford (10), City University of New York (8), University of Edinburgh (8) and University of Glasgow (8). Seven of the 23 universities that supply four or more editorial board members appear to be among the 50 top schools of law, according to the QS Global World University Ranking 2017 in Law and Legal Studies. University of Cambridge was in position 4, University of Oxford in position 6, University of Edinburgh in position 19, University of California-Berkeley in position 27, University of Manchester in position 29, University of Toronto in position 32 and London School of Economics in position 35.

  9. In this study, each article comprised the unit of analysis. Only original articles were considered. We have excluded editorials, book reviews and news. For authors, we only considered the first three co-authors.

  10. The percentage of non-Anglophone social science records in Scopus between 1996 and 2012 was 8%. Non-Anglophone articles represented only 13% of Scopus research articles in the same period (Albarillo 2014: 84 ff.). The Anglophone bias is very strong in law and criminology journals (Andersen 2000). Only a very small proportion of scientific journals published in French, German, Portuguese or Spanish in the fields of criminology and criminal justice are represented in Scopus. For example, according to RESH (Revistas Españolas de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, an information system that integrates quality indicators for the Spanish scientific journals in the fields of social sciences and humanities), there are 301 journals of Law in Spain, of which 20 are dedicated to criminal law. Only one Spanish law journal is included in SJR (0.3%). It is not a criminal law journal.

  11. All but one are European. One could think that better judgement for this journal’s internationality should be the proportion of non-European board members, instead of non-Anglo-American ones. In our opinion, this would be wrong. The degree of linguistic and academic diversity within Europe is much larger than within the Anglosphere. In the European Union only, there are currently 24 official languages and over 60 indigenous regional or minority languages, spoken by some 40 million people. On the contrary, English is the predominant language or the de facto official language in the US, the UK, Australia, and New Zealand. Only Canada has another official language, French.

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Faraldo-Cabana, P., Lamela, C. How International Are the Top International Journals of Criminology and Criminal Justice?. Eur J Crim Policy Res 27, 151–174 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-019-09426-2

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