Abstract
Previous work proposes that dispositional fear exists predominantly among political conservatives, generating the appearance that fears align strictly along party lines. This view obscures evolutionary dynamics because fear evolved to protect against myriad threats, not merely those in the political realm. We suggest prior work in this area has been biased by selection on the dependent variable, resulting from an examination of exclusively politically oriented fears that privilege conservative values. Because the adaptation regulating fear should be based upon both universal and ancestral-specific selection pressures combined with developmental and individual differences, the elicitation of it should prove variable across the ideological continuum dependent upon specific combinations of fear and value domains. In a sample of ~ 1,600 Australians assessed with a subset of the Fear Survey Schedule II, we find fears not infused with political content are differentially influential across the political spectrum. Specifically, those who are more fearful of sharp objects, graveyards, and urinating in public are more socially conservative and less supportive of gay rights. Those who are more fearful of death are more supportive of gay rights. Those who are more fearful of suffocating and swimming alone are more concerned about emissions controls and immigration, while those who are more fearful of thunderstorms are also more anti-immigration. Contrary to existing research, both liberals and conservatives are more fearful of different circumstances, and the role of dispositional fears are attitude-specific.
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Acknowledgements
We thank Soad Hancock, Anjali Henders and David Smyth for project coordination and database management. We thank John Hibbing, John Alford and Nicholas Martin for their assistance in protocol development and data collection. Most of all, we thank the study participants.
Funding
This work was supported by the US National Science Foundation (0729493,0721707).
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PKH and RM designed the study. PKH oversaw the administration of survey and conducted the analyses. PKH and RM wrote the paper.
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Data collection and analysis was approved and conducted within the guidelines set forth by the Queensland Institute of Medical Research human research ethics committee.
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