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Milling Cereals/Legumes and Stamping Bread in Mauretanian Tamuda (Morocco): An Interdisciplinary Study

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Abstract

Recent archaeological excavations (2016–2019) in the city of Tamuda (northern Morocco) yielded evidence of commercial milling and bread-making facilities dated to the Mauretanian period (first century BC). This article presents the results of the excavation of two Mauretanian buildings (E0 7 and E0 8) in the Eastern Quarter, in which evidence for flour milling and, indirectly, the preparation of bread were found. These buildings included four rooms used for milling (with low quern-stones of the rotary, saddle, and Pompeian types), as well as warehouses (full of amphorae) and other rooms of undetermined functions. Palynological analysis has indicated the milling of cereal, peas, and faba beans, while soil micromorphology revealed the roasting of hazelnuts and raised the possibility of using fish bones for the production of fish flour. Especially relevant was the discovery of a circular clay mold decorated with a heroic fishing scene, used for the decoration of bread and pies. These elements demonstrate the chaîne opératoire of bread-making—milling, dough production and decoration, and other food processing activities. This is the first time that archaeometric techniques are applied to study milling facilities in Morocco, and it is the only known association of bread stamps and pre-Roman milling facilities in North Africa.

Résumé

Des fouilles archéologiques récentes (2016-2019) dans la ville de Tamuda (nord du Maroc) ont fourni d'importantes niveaux archéologiques datant de la période Maurétanienne (1er siècle avant J.-C.) abandonnées dans des circonstances traumatisantes. Plus précisément, cet article présente les résultats de l'excavation de deux bâtiments Maurétaniens (E0 7 et E0 8) dans le quartier oriental, dans lesquels des preuves de meunerie et, indirectement, de préparation de pain, ont été trouvées. Ces bâtiments comprenaient quatre salles utilisées pour le fraisage (broyeurs manuels de type rotatif, barquiformes et pompéiens), ainsi que des entrepôts (pleins d'amphores) et d'autres salles dont l'utilisation est incertaine. L'analyse palynologique a attesté la mouture des céréales, des pois et des fèves; La micromorphologie du sol a révélé la torréfaction des noisettes et des arêtes de poisson, probablement liée à la préparation de la farine de poisson. La découverte d'un moule en argile circulaire décoré d'une scène de pêche héroïque, utilisée pour la décoration du pain et / ou des gâteaux, a été particulièrement pertinente. Ces éléments faisaient partie de la chaîne opératoire de la panification - mouture, décoration de la pâte, transformation des aliments - bien qu'il soit probable que le pain soit encore cuit dans des fours domestiques. C'est la première fois que ces techniques archéométriques sont appliquées aux meuleries au Maroc, et la seule association connue de timbres de pain et meules en Afrique du Nord.

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Acknowledgments

M.G.-R. thanks David Mattingly, José C. Carvajal, Sarah Morriss, and Danielle de Carle for their useful comments and facilities provided in the XRF laboratory in the School of Archaeology and Ancient History (University of Leicester), and Carolina Mallol for her comments on the manuscript. We thank our colleague, Nicolás Monteix, Université de Rouen, for his comments and suggestions.

Funding

This article is the outcome of the agreement signed by the Direction du Patrimoine of the Moroccan Ministry of Culture and the University of Cádiz. It resulted from projects GARVM III (PID2019-108948RB-I00) funded by the Spanish Government/Feder; ARQUEOFISH (P18-FR-1483) Programa de Ayudas a la I+D+i del Plan Andaluz de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (PAIDI 2020); and ARQ-ANALYTICS (Proyectos Jóvenes Investigadores Ceimar, 2019 call). The project is also supported by the 2014–2020 ERDF Operational Programme and by the Department of Economy, Knowledge, Business, and University of the Regional Government of Andalusia (FEDER-UCA18-104415 ARQUEOSTRA). Additional financial help has been received from the Ministry of Culture and Sports of the Spanish Government/Feder (“Ayudas para Proyectos Arqueológicos en el Exterior” Program, 2016–2019) and Palarq Foundation (2018–2019). The palynological analysis was funded by project MED-REFUGIA-RTI2018-101714-B-I00 (Plan Nacional I+D+I, Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness). M.G.-R. is a member of the PAIDI Research Group, HUM 296: Roman and Late Roman Archaeology of Eastern Andalusia. The University of Granada provided a postdoctoral grant to M.G.-R. in the School of Archaeology and Ancient History of the University of Leicester (Programa de Perfeccionamiento de Doctores, Plan Propio del Vicerrectorado de Investigación).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Catedrático de Arqueología, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad de Cádiz, Avda. Dr. Gómez Ulla s/n, 11003, Cádiz, Spain

    Darío Bernal-Casasola

  2. Universidad de Granada, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, 18011, Granada, Spain

    Macarena Bustamante-Álvarez

  3. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad de Cádiz, Avda. Dr. Gómez Ulla s/n, 11003, Cádiz, Spain

    José J. Díaz, José Manuel Vargas Girón, José Luis Portillo-Sotelo & María Ángeles Pascual Sánchez

  4. Instituto de Historia, CCHS – CSIC - Environmental Archaeology Research Group, Institute of History, IH-CSIC, Albasanz 26-28, 28037, Madrid, Spain

    José Antonio López-Sáez

  5. Prehistory and Archaeology Department, University of Granada, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, 18011, Granada, Spain

    Mario Gutiérrez-Rodríguez

  6. School of Archaeology and Ancient History, University of Leicester, Mayor’s Walk, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK

    Mario Gutiérrez-Rodríguez

  7. Conservation du Site Archéologique de Tamuda, Ministère de la Culture, de la Jeunesse et des Sports, Département de la Culture, Avenue Abderrahmane Dakhil, Tamuda, Tétouan, Morocco

    Tarik Moujoud

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  1. Darío Bernal-Casasola
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Correspondence to Darío Bernal-Casasola.

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Bernal-Casasola, D., Bustamante-Álvarez, M., Díaz, J.J. et al. Milling Cereals/Legumes and Stamping Bread in Mauretanian Tamuda (Morocco): An Interdisciplinary Study. Afr Archaeol Rev 38, 175–209 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10437-020-09413-7

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