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Consumer Culture in Guatemala City during the ‘Season of Luis Mazzantini’, 1905: The Political Economy of Working-Class Consumption

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 August 2020

Michael D. Kirkpatrick Open the ORCID record for Michael D. Kirkpatrick [Opens in a new window]
Michael D. Kirkpatrick*
Affiliation:
Assistant Professor, Department of History, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland
*
*Corresponding author. E-mail: michael.kirkpatrick@mun.ca
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Abstract

In 1905, world-renowned bullfighter Luis Mazzantini arrived in Guatemala City for a number of corridas. Despite the excitement of the urban elite, the matador's fights were poorly attended by the working class due to high ticket prices. This article uses the ‘Mazzantini Season’ as a case study of working-class consumer culture in Guatemala City to trace shifts in Guatemalan political economy through the 1890s and early 1900s, analysing the constraints on popular consumerism such as price inflation, currency deflation, food shortages and other factors affecting working-class urban Guatemalans. It also demonstrates the manner in which responses by the state and coffee planters to economic crises to protect elite interests fundamentally undermined the ability of working-class residents of Guatemala City to participate in consumer culture.

Spanish abstract

Spanish abstract

En 1905, el mundialmente conocido torero Luis Mazzantini llegó a la Ciudad de Guatemala para presentar varios espectáculos taurinos. Pese al entusiasmo de la élite urbana, las corridas del matador fueron pobremente atendidas por la clase trabajadora debido a los altos precios de los boletos. Este artículo utiliza la ‘Temporada Mazzantini’ como un caso de estudio sobre el consumo de la clase obrera en la Ciudad de Guatemala para rastrear los movimientos de la economía política del país durante los 1890 y principios de 1900, analizando los factores que limitaban el consumo popular, como la inflación de precios, la devaluación de la moneda, la escasez de alimentos y otros que afectaron a los trabajadores urbanos guatemaltecos. También demuestra la manera en la que las respuestas del Estado y de los cafetaleros a las crisis económicas destinadas a proteger los intereses de las élites minaron radicalmente la posibilidad de los trabajadores capitalinos de participar en la cultura de consumo.

Portuguese abstract

Portuguese abstract

Em 1905, Luiz Mazzantini, um toureiro então mundialmente conhecido, chegou à Cidade da Guatemala para uma série de corridas. Apesar do entusiasmo da elite urbana, pouquíssimas pessoas da classe trabalhadora foram às touradas do matador devido ao alto preço do ingresso. Este artigo utiliza-se da ‘Temporada de Mazzantini’ como um estudo de caso da cultura do consumo da classe trabalhadora na Cidade da Guatemala, que permite identificar mudanças na economia política ao longo da década de 1890 e começo dos 1900. Além disso, analisa os fatores que limitavam o consumo da classe trabalhadora da Guatemala, tais quais inflação, deflação de moeda e escassez de alimentos entre outros. Também demonstra a maneira com a qual algumas soluções propostas pelo Estado e pelos produtores de café para lidar com a crise econômica – visando proteger os interesses de sua elite – enfraqueceu fundamentalmente a habilidade da classe trabalhadora da capital de participar na cultura de consumo.

Keywords

commodity culturepolitical economyurban historyworking classcultura de mercancíaseconomía políticahistoria urbanaclase obreracultura de consumoeconomia políticahistória urbanaclasse trabalhadora
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Latin American Studies , Volume 52 , Issue 4 , November 2020 , pp. 735 - 758
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Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

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References

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2 Héctor Gaitán suggests these rumours were spreading as early as 1902; see Memorias del siglo XX, vol. 1 (Guatemala City: Artemis Edinter, 1999), p. 20. For histories of Guatemala City and urbanisation, see Gellert, Gisela and Soria, Julio César Pinto, Ciudad de Guatemala: Dos estudios sobre su evolución urbana (1524–1950) (Guatemala City: Centro de Estudios Urbanos y Regionales, 1990)Google Scholar; Gellert, Gisela, Ciudad de Guatemala: Factores determinantes en su desarrollo urbano (desde la fundación hasta la actualidad) (Guatemala City: FLACSO, 1995)Google Scholar; de Quezada, Ana María Urruela Villacorta (ed.), La Nueva Guatemala de la Asunción: 230 años de historia (Guatemala City: Grupo Financiero de Occidente, 2006)Google Scholar; Almengor, Óscar Peláez, El pequeño Paris (Guatemala City: Centro de Estudios Urbanos y Regionales, 2008)Google Scholar; Way, J. T., The Mayan in the Mall: Globalization, Development, and the Making of Modern Guatemala (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2012)Google Scholar.

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22 Ana María Urruela de Quezada, ‘Siglo XIX: Luces y sombras en el surgimiento de la ciudad’, in La Nueva Guatemala, p. 99 and Dirección General de Estadística, Censo General de la República de Guatemala (Guatemala City: Tipografía Nacional, 1894), p. 12 (available at the Biblioteca Central at USAC).

23 Gosling to Marquess of Salisbury, 13 Jan. 1897, BNA–FO 15/313. At that time St Petersburg was considered to be the most expensive city in Europe.

24 Censo General, 1894.

25 Larrave, Mario López, Breve historia del movimiento sindical guatemalteco (Guatemala City: Editorial Universitaria, 1979), p. 9Google Scholar; Secretaría de Gobernación y Justicia, ‘Estatutos de la Sociedad de Artesanos “El Porvenir de los Obreros”’ (Guatemala City: Tipografía Nacional, 1897); facsimile at https://archive.org/details/estatutosdelasocie00guat/mode/2up (last accessed 30 June 2020).

26 For strategies developed in Mexico City, see Buffington, A Sentimental Education and Blum, Domestic Economies.

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32 Archivo General de Centro América, Guatemala City (AGCA), Juicios Criminales (JC), Índice 45, 1905, Juzgado 6a de la 1a Instancia, 9A, Exp. 18.

33 AGCA, Sig. B, Gobernación (1904), Legajo 29081, Exp. 9.

34 Henry C. Stuart, ‘Guatemala’, Reports from the Consuls of the United States, Jan. 1894 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1894), p. 32.

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36 See, for example, Manuel Ortega's request to license the Casa de Préstamos del Calvario in May 1904: AGCA, Sig. B, Jefatura Política de Guatemala (JP-G) (1904), Paq. 1.

37 Ibid.

38 See Ortiz's ‘Libro de actas de remate’, Dec. 1903, ibid.

39 See Ortega's ‘Libro de actas de remate’, Nov. 1904, ibid., Paq. 2.

40 ‘Notas Varias, octubre de 1904’, AGCA, Sig. B, JP-G (1904), Paq. 2 and Sig. B, Gobernación (1905), Leg. 29089, Exp. 2.

41 AGCA, JC, Índice 45, 1905, Juzgado 6a de la 1a Instancia, 9A, Exp. 33.

42 David Carey, ‘Distilling Perceptions of Crime: Maya Moonshiners and the State, 1898–1944’, in Carey, Distilling the Influence, pp. 121–2.

43 AGCA, Sig. B, Gobernación (1904), Leg. 29067, Exp. 220.

44 These police reports come from ibid. and Leg. 29069, Exp. 172.

45 Frank D. Hill, ‘The World's Production and Consumption of Coffee’, Advance Sheets of Consular Reports, 29 June 1898, p. 2 (available at the University Libraries at the University of Nevada, Reno).

46 For example, mozos from Mixco were sent to work at the hippodrome in October 1904 on government orders. See ‘Varias notas de octubre de 1904’, AGCA, Sig. B, JP-G (1904), Paq. 2.

47 McNally to Department of State, 28 Sept. 1900, United States National Archives, College Park, PA (USNA), Despatches from United States Consuls in Guatemala, 1824–1906, T-337/13. See, for example, the contract of the Guatemala and Mexico Mahogany and Export Company, Memoria que la Secretaría de Estado en el despacho de Fomento presenta á la Asamblea Nacional Legislativa de 1899 (Guatemala City: Tipografía Nacional, 1899), pp. 239–41 (all government Memorias are available at the Biblioteca del AGCA).

48 A replica of Estrada Cabrera's handwritten Decree 604 for the Festival to Minerva was circulated at subsequent Minervalias: 1904, BNGCV-HS, No. 1994.

49 For more on efforts by the various Liberal Party dictatorships to honour students, see Levenson, Deborah T., Adiós Niño: The Gangs of Guatemala City and the Politics of Death (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2013), pp. 13–14Google Scholar.

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51 McNally to Hill, 31 Oct. 1902, T-337/14; Trayner to the Marquess of Lansdowne, 12 Nov. 1902, BNA–FO15/348.

52 Memoria de la Secretaría de Fomento presentada á la Asamblea Nacional Legislativa en 1904 (Guatemala City: Tipografía Nacional, 1904), p. 18; Thornton to Marquess of Lansdowne, 14 July 1903, BNA–FO15/354.

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57 Letter to Jefe Político, 6 Feb. 1904, AGCA, Sig. B, JP-G (1904), Paq. 1.

58 ‘Asuntos locales’, El Cronista, 15 March 1904, pp. 1–2.

59 ‘La cuestión de abastos’, La República, 19 July 1904, p. 1.

60 See Schwartz advertisement, La Nación, 9 Oct. 1904, p. 7; ‘Granos de primera necesidad’, El Cronista, 2 Oct. 1904, p. 8.

61 AGCA, Sig. B, Gobernación (1904), Leg. 29080, Exp. 6.

62 Ibid., Exp. 13.

63 Ibid., Leg. 29067, Exp. 23.

64 See letters dated 4 Feb. and 11 May 1905, ibid., Gobernación (1905), Leg. 29091, Exp. 7.

65 See letters dated 3 Feb. and 24 April 1905, ibid. and Leg. 29095, Exp. 20, respectively.

66 Javier A. Padilla to Ministro de Gobernación, ibid., Leg. 29088.

67 Letter dated 12 Jan. 1905, ibid., Leg. 29094, Exp. 11.

68 Circular, June 1904, AGCA, Sig. B, JP-G (1904), Paq. 3.

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70 Sánchez, José J., ‘Informes y cuentas de la Dirección General de Aduanas’, Memoria presentada por el Secretario de Hacienda y Crédito Público á la Asamblea Nacional Legislativa de 1905 (Guatemala City: Tipografía Nacional, 1905), pp. 188–9Google Scholar.

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72 AGCA, Sig. B, JP-G (1904), Paq. 3, Exp. 140. While it would be speculative to assume that the general public faced the same increase, such numbers indicate heightened costs of living in general.

73 Memoria de la Secretaría de Fomento presentada á la Asamblea Nacional Legislativa en 1905 (Guatemala City: Tipografía Nacional, 1905), p. 76.

74 Flamenco, José, La beneficencia en Guatemala: reseña histórica (Guatemala City: Tipografía Nacional, 1915), pp. 123–4Google Scholar, available at https://archive.org/details/labeneficiencia00flamguat (last accessed 1 July 2020).

75 See Beezley, Judas at the Jockey Club.

76 ‘Plaza de Toros, Años 1900–1909’, AGCA, Sig. B, Leg. 23578. See reports for years 1901, 1902, 1904 and 1906 in which names of those occupying balcony seats are recorded for select corridas.

77 Frank, Patrick, Posada's Broadsheets: Mexican Popular Imagery, 1890–1910 (Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press, 1998), pp. 135–7Google Scholar.

78 ‘Reprochable’, El Cronista, 17 Dec. 1905, p. 4. The crowds at the corrida were generally heterogeneous. Aficionados of all ages came from various class backgrounds, distinguished by the cost of seats. Although men dominated the stands, women often accompanied family members and spouses.

79 ‘Corte Suprema de Justicia y Juzgado de Paz, julio–noviembre de 1904’, 7 Nov. and 29 Nov. 1904, AGCA, Sig. B, JP-G (1904), Paq. 1.

80 Poor corridas in early 1904 were blamed on those leasing the plaza, Barnoya y Compañía: ‘De aquí y de allá’, El Cronista, 28 Feb. 1904, p. 3.

81 See ‘Desde el tendido’ in El Cronista, 24 Dec. 1904, p. 3 and 14 Jan. 1905, p. 5.

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86 Ibid., 21 Jan. 1905, p. 5.

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88 Shubert, Death and Money, p. 77.

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90 ‘¡Qué toros!’, La República, 7 Jan. 1905, p. 3.

91 ‘La llegada de Mazzantini’, La República, 23 Jan. 1905, p. 2.

92 ‘Una visita a Mazzantini’, Diario de Centro-América, 4 Feb. 1905, p. 1.

93 ‘¡Novedades!’, La República, 14 Jan. 1905, p. 9.

94 ‘Luis Mazzantini’, La República, 2 Jan. 1905, p. 5.

95 ‘Toros’, El Cronista, 4 Feb. 1905, p. 2.

96 See various advertisements in BNGCV-HS, No. 1993–1996, Year 1903–1906.

97 ‘Acontecimiento taurino’, El Cronista, 24 Dec. 1904, p. 4; ‘Mazzantini en Guatemala’, Diario de Centro-América, 20 Dec. 1904, p. 4.

98 ‘Desde el tendido’, El Cronista, 31 Dec. 1904, p. 4.

99 ‘Rebaja’, El Cronista, 4 Feb. 1905, p. 6.

100 ‘Plaza de Toros’, La República, 14 Jan. 1905, p. 3; ‘Empresa Mazzantini’, La República, 31 Jan. 1905, p. 2.

101 V. Manuel Leal, ‘Ayer’, Diario de Centro-América, 6 Feb. 1905, p. 1.

102 ‘El señor Mazzantini’, La República, 14 Feb. 1905, p. 3; Emilio, ‘Toros’, El Cronista, 11 Feb. 1905, p. 2; ‘El beneficio de don Luis’, La República, 13 Feb. 1905, p. 2.

103 ‘Las corridas de toros’, Diario de Centro-América, 28 Jan. 1905, p. 1.

104 Beezley, Judas at the Jockey Club, pp. 5–6.