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An Abstract Thing We Call “Intellectual Atmosphere”: Science, Urban Development, and Business/Government Relations in Dallas, 1956–1969

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 July 2020

ANDREW M. BUSCH
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Abstract

This article explores the efforts of Dallas businessmen, especially the leadership of Texas Instruments (TI), to build a science and research sector to facilitate new types of capital accumulation for Dallas and North Texas in the 1960s. The creation of the Graduate Center of the Southwest (GRCSW), and its subsequent transformation into the public University of Texas at Dallas in 1969, offers new perspectives on science and research, urban growth strategies, and the relationship between business and government in the postwar Sunbelt. TI leaders envisioned the center as a way to become more competitive in the microelectronics industry and also to direct urban growth and, ultimately, create a city and region that better reflected the private, growth-oriented interests of the Dallas business community. However, when the center began to falter economically in the mid-1960s, TI leaders sought out the state to take it over and transform it into a science and technology graduate school branch of the University of Texas system (UT). The exchange, although mutually beneficial, demonstrates how powerful businesses coopted the resources of the state to further their own ends.

Keywords

R&Dtechnologyeconomic developmentbusiness-government relations
Type
Article
Information
Enterprise & Society , Volume 22 , Issue 3 , September 2021 , pp. 696 - 738
Copyright
© The Author 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Business History Conference. All rights reserved.

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Footnotes

The author would like to thank Renee Searfoss, Gavin Benke, and the three anonymous readers whose comments improved this article a great deal.

References

Bibliography of Works Cited

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John, Richard R. “Introduction: Adversarial Relations? Business and Politics in Twentieth-Century America.” In Capital Gains: Business and Politics in Twentieth-Century America, edited by John, Richard R. and Phillips-Fein, Kin, 1–22. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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Leslie, Stuart W., and Kargon, Robert H.. “Selling Silicon Valley: Frederick Terman’s Model for Regional Advantage.” The Business History Review 70, no. 4 (Winter 1996): 435–472.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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Elizabeth, Tandy Shermer. “A Fraught Partnership: Business and the Public University since the Second World War.” In Capital Gains: Business and Politics in Twentieth-Century America, edited by John, Richard R. and Phillips-Fein, Kin, 157–178. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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Bok, Derek. Universities in the Marketplace: The Commercialization of Higher Education. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
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Cebul, Brent and Williams, Mason B., “‘Really and Truly a Partnership’ The New Deal’s Associational State and the Making of Postwar American Politics,” in Cebul, Brent, Geiser, Lily, and Williams, Mason B., eds. Shaped by the State: Towards a New Political History of the Twentieth Century. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2019.Google Scholar
Cohen, Lizbeth. A Consumer’s Republic: The Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar America. New York: Vintage Books, 2003.Google Scholar
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Fairbanks, Robert. For the City as a Whole: Planning, Politics, and the Public Interest in Dallas, Texas, 1900–1965. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1998.Google Scholar
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Geiger, Roger L. Research and Relevant Knowledge: American Research Universities since World War II. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.Google Scholar
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O’Mara, Margaret Pugh. Cities of Knowledge: Cold War Science and the Search for the Next Silicon Valley. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Payne, Darwin. The Dallas Citizens Council: An Obligation of Leadership. Dallas: Dallas Citizens Council, 2008.Google Scholar
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Phillips-Fein, Kim, and Zelizer, Julian E., eds. What’s Good for Business: Business and American Politics since World War II. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Pirtle, Caleb III. Engineering the World: Stories from the First 75 Years of Texas Instruments. Dallas: Texas Instruments Incorporated, 2005.Google Scholar
Preer, Robert W. The Emergence of Technopolis: Knowledge-Intensive Industries and Regional Development. New York: Praeger, 1992.Google Scholar
Rowberg, Richard. Federal R&D Funding: A Concise History. Washington: Congressional Research Service, 1998. https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/19980814_95-1209_5099a81054a63d58f79d6d18b4572fe7270f5a2e.pdf.Google Scholar
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Scott, Allen J. Technopolis: High Technology Industry and Regional Development in Southern California. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Scott, Stanley H., and Davis, Levi H.. A Giant in Texas: A History of the Dallas-Fort Worth Regional Airport Controversy, 1911–1974. Quannah, TX: Nortex Press, 1974.Google Scholar
Scranton, Phillip, ed. The Second Wave: Southern Industrialization from the 1940s to the 1970s. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2001.Google Scholar
Schulman, Bruce. From Cotton Belt to Sunbelt: Federal Policy, Economic Development, and the Transformation of the South, 1938–1980. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.Google Scholar
Slaughter, Sheila, and Rhoades, Gary. Academic Capitalism and the New Economy: Markets, States, and Higher Education. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Sugrue, Thomas J. The Origins of the Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Shermer, Tandy, Elizabeth, . Sunbelt Capitalism: Phoenix and the Transformation of American Politics. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thometz, Carol Estes. The Decision Makers: The Power Structure of Dallas. Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press, 1963.Google Scholar
Tretter, Eliot M. Shadows of a Sunbelt City: The Environment, Racism, and the Knowledge Economy in Austin. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2016.Google Scholar
University of Texas Board of Regents. Prospect: A Platform for the University of Texas. Austin: University of Texas, 1960.Google Scholar
Urban, Wayne J. More Science than Sputnik: The National Defense Education Act of 1958. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Weinstein, Bernard L. and Harold, Gross. Structural Change in the Oil Industry and its Impact on the Gulf Coast Economy. Beaumont, TX: John Gray Institute, Lamar University, 1985.Google Scholar
Wright, Gavin. Old South, New South: Revolutions in the Southern Economy since the Civil War. New York: Basic Books, 1986.Google Scholar
Biles, Roger. “The New Deal in Dallas.” The Southwest Historical Quarterly 95, no.1 (July 1991): 1–19.Google Scholar
Cebul, Brent. “‘They Were the Moving Spirits’: Business and Supply-Side Liberalism in the Postwar South.” In Capital Gains: Business and Politics in Twentieth-Century America, edited by John, Richard R. and Phillips-Fein, Kin, 139–156. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cebul, Brent, Geismer, Lily, and Williams, Mason B.. “Beyond Red and Blue: Crisis and Continuity in Twentieth-Century U.S. Political History.” In Shaped by the State: Towards a New Political History of the Twentieth Century, edited by Cebul, Brent, Geismer, Lily, and Williams, Mason B., 3–23. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2019.Google Scholar
Changing Industrial Patterns in a Growing Metro Area: Dallas. Austin: Bureau of Business Research, 1977.Google Scholar
Cummings, Alex Sayf. “‘Brain Magnet’: Research Triangle Park and Origins of the Creative City, 1953–1965.” Journal of Urban History 43, no. 3 (2017): 470–492.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Defense Transition. Austin: Governor’s Task Force on Economic Transition, 1993.Google Scholar
Fairbanks, Robert. “Dallas in the 1940s: The Challenges and Opportunities of Defense Mobilization.” In Urban Texas: Politics and Development, edited by Miller, Char and Sanders, Heywood, 141–153. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1990.Google Scholar
Fairbanks, Robert. “Planning the Suburban City in the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex.” In Lone Star Suburbs: Life on the Texas Metropolitan Frontier, edited by Sandul, Paul J. P. and Sosebee, M. Scott, 49–67. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2019.Google Scholar
Freund, David M. P. “Marketing the Free Market: State Intervention and the Politics of Prosperity in Metropolitan America.” In The New Suburban History, edited by Kruze, Kevin and Sugrue, Thomas J., 11–32. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Friedman, Tami J. “‘Free Enterprise’ or Federal Aid? The Business Response to Economic Restructuring in the Long 1950s.” In Capital Gains: Business and Politics in Twentieth-Century America, edited by John, Richard R. and Phillips-Fein, Kin, 119–138. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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Graduate Research Center of the Southwest, Annual Report 1964–5. Dallas: Graduate Research Center of the Southwest, 1965.Google Scholar
Harvey, David. “From Managerialism to Entrepreneurialism: The Transformation of Urban Governance in Late Capitalism.” The Roots of Geographical Change 1973 to the Present, Geografiska Annaler. Series B, Human Geography 71, no. 1 (1989): 3–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
John, Richard R. “Introduction: Adversarial Relations? Business and Politics in Twentieth-Century America.” In Capital Gains: Business and Politics in Twentieth-Century America, edited by John, Richard R. and Phillips-Fein, Kin, 1–22. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, David R. “San Antonio: The Vicissitudes of Boosterism.” In Sunbelt Cities: Politics and Growth since World War II, edited by Bernard, Richard M. and Rice, Bradley R., 235–254. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1983.Google Scholar
Leslie, Stuart W., and Karafantis, Layne, “‘Suburban Warriors’: The Blue-Collar and Blue-Sky Communities of Southern California’s Aerospace Industry.” Journal of Planning History 18, no. 1 (February 2019): 3–26.Google Scholar
Leslie, Stuart W., and Kargon, Robert H.. “Selling Silicon Valley: Frederick Terman’s Model for Regional Advantage.” The Business History Review 70, no. 4 (Winter 1996): 435–472.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Melosi, Martin V. “Dallas-Fort Worth: Marketing the Metroplex.” In Sunbelt Cities: Politics and Growth since World War II, edited by Bernard, Richard M. and Rice, Bradley R., 162–195. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1983.Google Scholar
Oakey, Ray. “High Technology Industries and Agglomeration Economies.” In Silicon Landscapes, edited by Hall, Peter and Markusen, Ann, 94–117. New York: Unwin Hyman, 1985.Google Scholar
Scott, Allen J. “Capitalism and Urbanization in a New Key? The Cognitive-Cultural Dimensions.” Social Forces 85, no. 4 (June 2007): 1465–1482.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soja, Edward, Morales, Rebecca, and Wolff, Goetz. “Urban Restructuring: An Analysis of Social and Spatial Change in Los Angeles.” Economic Geography 59 no. 2 (April 1983): 195–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Southwest Center for Advanced Studies: Annual Report, 1966–1967. Dallas: Southwest Center for Advanced Studies, 1967.Google Scholar
Southwest Center for Advanced Studies, Final Annual Report, 1968–1969. Dallas: Southwest Center for Advanced Studies, 1969.Google Scholar
Elizabeth, Tandy Shermer. “Sunbelt Boosterism: Industrial Recruitment, Economic Development, and Growth Politics in the Developing Sunbelt.” In Sunbelt Rising: The Politics of Space, Place and Region, edited by Nickerson, Michelle and Dochuck, Darren, 31–57. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elizabeth, Tandy Shermer. “A Fraught Partnership: Business and the Public University since the Second World War.” In Capital Gains: Business and Politics in Twentieth-Century America, edited by John, Richard R. and Phillips-Fein, Kin, 157–178. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zimmerman, Tom. “Paradise Promoted: Boosterism and the Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce.” California History 64 no. 1 (Winter 1985): 22–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Advance Google Scholar
Brookings Google Scholar
Business Week Google Scholar
Cleburne Times Review Google Scholar
D Magazine Google Scholar
Dallas Google Scholar
Dallas Morning News (DMN) Google Scholar
Dallas Times Herald (DTH) Google Scholar
Denton Record Chronicle (DRC) Google Scholar
Fort Worth Press (FWP) Google Scholar
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