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Initial state fluctuations and the sub-leading flow modes from the experimental data and HYDJET++ model

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Abstract

A few microseconds after the birth of the Universe, the Universe was filled with the matter consisting of quarks and gluons, called quark gluon plasma (QGP). That primordial QGP lasts for about a few \(\upmu s\) until the Universe cooled down and expanded enough that colored quarks had to confine within the colorless new formed hadrons. In high-energy nuclear collisions, where a high baryon density, or a high temperature could be achieved, small pieces of the QGP can be recreated and studied experimentally. Such created QGP undergoes an explosion, called the Little Bang. In spite of its small size (about 1000 \(fm^{3}\)) and short duration (a few fm/c, where c is the speed of light), the QGP is well described by relativistic hydrodynamics, including even the small perturbations on top of the explosion. In high-energy nucleus–nucleus (AA) collisions which have been performed at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and at the Large Hadron Collider, the QGP was created with extremely high temperature and the baryon density close to zero. One of observables used to study QGP is azimuthal anisotropy. It was found that the initial state fluctuations have a significant influence on azimuthal anisotropies. We present results on azimuthal anisotropies measured in ultra-central PbPb collisions at \(\sqrt{s}_{NN}\) = 2.76 TeV by the CMS and ALICE collaborations, as well as the leading and sub-leading flow modes for the elliptic and triangular anisotropies. The measured flow modes are also compared with the predictions from the HYDJET++ model.

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Data Availability Statement

This manuscript has associated data in a data repository. [Authors’ comment: Only one, but rather big part of the data presented in the paper is available via Durham HEP data via the following link: https://www.hepdata.net/record/ins1618346.]

Notes

  1. The centrality is defined as a fraction of the total inelastic AA cross section, with 0% denoting the most central collisions.

  2. In an ideal circle-like geometry, impact parameter \(\mathbf {b}\) is a vector which connects the centers of the colliding nuclei in the plane perpendicular to the beam axis.

  3. Pseudorapidity \(\eta \) is defined as \(-ln\tan (\theta /2)\) where \(\theta \) is the polar angle.

  4. The \(v_{7}\) harmonic as a function of \(p_{T}\) is not presented in Figs. 1 and 2 due to limited statistical precision.

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Acknowledgements

We congratulate our colleagues in the CERN accelerator departments for the excellent performance of the LHC and thank the technical and administrative staffs at CERN and at other CMS institutes for their contributions to the success of the CMS effort. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the computing centers and personnel of the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid for delivering so effectively the computing infrastructure essential to our analyses. Finally, we acknowledge the financial support by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia and to “VINČA” Institute of Nuclear Science - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade.

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  1. Department of Physics, “VINČA” Institute of Nuclear Science - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

    J. Milosevic

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  1. J. Milosevic
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Milosevic, J. Initial state fluctuations and the sub-leading flow modes from the experimental data and HYDJET++ model. Eur. Phys. J. D 75, 14 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1140/epjd/s10053-020-00037-9

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