1932
0
  1. Home
  2. A-Z Publications
  3. Annual Review of Sociology
  4. Volume 46, 2020
  5. Article

Annual Review of Sociology

Volume 46, 2020

Return Migration Around the World: An Integrated Agenda for Future Research

Abstract

Currently, two distinct bodies of scholarship address the increased volume and diversity of global return migration since the mid-1990s. The economic sociology of return, which assumes that return is voluntary, investigates how time living and working abroad affects returnees’ labor market opportunities and the resulting implications for economic development. A second scholarship, the political sociology of return, recognizing the increasing role of both emigration and immigration states in controlling and managing migration, examines how state and institutional actors in countries of origin shape the reintegration experiences of deportees, rejected asylum seekers, and nonadmitted migrants forced home. We review these literatures independently, examining their research questions, methodologies, and findings, while also noting limitations and areas where additional research is needed. We then engage these literatures to provide an integrated path forward for researching and theorizing return migration—a synergized resource mobilization framework.

Keyword(s): deportation, economic development, economic sociology of migration, forced and voluntary return migration, human capital, institutional contexts of reception and reintegration, political sociology of migration, resource mobilization, return migration
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-soc-120319-015855
2020-07-30
2024-04-24
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/soc/46/1/annurev-soc-120319-015855.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-soc-120319-015855&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Abrego L. 2014. Sacrificing Families: Navigating Laws, Labor, and Love Across Borders Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press
  2. Alpes MJ. 2019. After deportation, some Congolese returnees face detention and extortion. Migr. Inf. Source May 23. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/after-deportation-some-congolese-returnees-face-detention-and-extortion
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Anderson B, Gibney MJ, Paoletti E 2011. Citizenship, deportation and the boundaries of belonging. Citizsh. Stud. 15:5547–63
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Anderson J. 2015. “Tagged as a criminal”: narratives of deportation and return migration in a Mexico City call center. Lat. Stud. 13:18–27
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Anderson J, Solis N. 2014. Los Otros Dreamers México City: Iniciat. Ciudad. Promoc. Cult. Diálogo AC, Iniciat. Ciudad Méx., US-Mex. Found.
  6. Andrews AL. 2018. Undocumented Politics: Place, Gender, and the Pathways of Mexican Migrants Oakland: Univ. Calif. Press
  7. Azose JJ, Raftery AE. 2019. Estimation of emigration, return migration, and transit migration between all pairs of countries. PNAS 116:1116–22
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Balán J, Browning HL, Jelin E 1973. Men in a Developing Society: Geographic and Social Mobility in Monterrey, Mexico Austin: Univ. Tex. Press
  9. Barrett A, Goggin J. 2010. Returning to the question of a wage premium for returning migrants. Natl. Inst. Econ. Rev. 213:1R43–51
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Battistella G. 2018. Return migration: a conceptual and policy framework Rep., Cent. Migr. Stud New York:
  11. Berger Cardoso J, Hamilton ER, Rodriguez N, Eschbach K, Hagan JM 2016. Deporting fathers: involuntary transnational families and intent to remigrate among Salvadoran deportees. Int. Migr. Rev. 50:1197–230
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Blondel C, Conciatori M, Preiss N, Monras MS, Seiller S, Uhlmannsiek J 2015. Post-deportation risks: criminalized departure and risks for returnees in countries of origin Rep., Deport. Glob. Inf. Proj., Cent. Hum. Rights Int. Justice Boston Coll.:
  13. Boehm D. 2016. Returned: Going and Coming in an Age of Deportation Oakland: Univ. Calif. Press
  14. Brotherton DC, Barrios L. 2011. Banished to the Homeland: Dominican Deportees and Their Stories of Exile New York: Columbia Univ. Press
  15. Bucheli JR, Fontenla M, Waddell BJ 2019. Return migration and violence. World Dev 116:113–24
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Caldwell B. 2019. Deported Americans: Life After Deportation to Mexico Durham, NC: Duke Univ. Press
  17. Cassarino J-P. 2004. Theorizing return migration: the conceptual approach to return migrants revisited. Int. J. Multicult. Soc. 6:2253–79
     [Google Scholar]
  18. Cerase FP. 1974. Expectations and reality: a case study of return migration from the United States to Southern Italy. Int. Migr. Rev. 8:2245–62
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Cobo SD, Giorguli SE, Alba F 2010. Occupational mobility among returned migrants in Latin America: a comparative analysis. Ann. Am. Acad. Political Soc. Sci. 630:1245–68
     [Google Scholar]
  20. CODEV-EPFL (Coop. Dev. Cent. Éc. Polytech. Fed. Lausanne), IDSK (Inst. Dev. Stud. Kolkota), JNU (Jawaharlal Nehru Univ.), ILO (Int. Labor Organ.) 2013. Migration, scientific diasporas, and development: impact of skilled return migration on development in India Rep., Int. Labor Organ Geneva:
  21. Cook-Martín D. 2019. Temp nations? A research agenda on migration, temporariness, and membership. Am. Behav. Sci. 63:91389–403
     [Google Scholar]
  22. Coutin SB. 2010. Confined within: national territories as zones of confinement. Political Geogr 9:4200–8
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Coutin SB. 2016. Exiled Home: Salvadoran Transnational Youth in the Aftermath of Violence Durham, NC: Duke Univ. Press
  24. David AM. 2017. Back to square one: socioeconomic integration of deported migrants. Int. Migr. Rev. 51:1127–54
     [Google Scholar]
  25. De Genova N, Peutz N 2010. The Deportation Regime: Sovereignty, Space, and the Freedom of Movement Durham, NC: Duke Univ. Press
  26. de Haas H. 2014. Migration theory: Quo vadis? Work. Pap., Int. Migr. Inst., Univ Amst.:
  27. de Haas H, Castles S, Miller MJ 2019. The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 6th ed..
  28. Démurger S, Xu H. 2011. Return migrants: the rise of new entrepreneurs in rural China. World Dev 39:101847–61
     [Google Scholar]
  29. Dingeman K. 2018. Segmented re/integration: divergent post-deportation trajectories in El Salvador. Soc. Probl. 65:1116–34
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Dreby J. 2012. The burden of deportation on children in Mexican immigrant families. J. Marriage Fam. 74:4829–45
     [Google Scholar]
  31. Drotbohm H. 2014. The reversal of migratory family lives: a Cape Verdean perspective on gender and sociality pre- and post-deportation. J. Ethn. Migr. Stud. 41:4653–70
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Drotbohm H, Hasselberg I. 2015. Deportation, anxiety, justice: new ethnographic perspectives. J. Ethn. Migr. Stud. 41:4551–62
     [Google Scholar]
  33. Duleep HO, Regets MC. 1999. Immigrants and human-capital investment. Am. Econ. Rev. 89:2186–91
     [Google Scholar]
  34. Duleep HO, Regets MC. 2002. The elusive concept of immigrant quality: evidence from 1970–1990 Discuss. Pap. 631 Inst. Stud. Labor (IZA) Bonn, Ger.:
  35. Dustmann C. 2001. Why go back? Return motives of migrant workers. In Contemporary Economic Policy Issues 3 S Djajie 229–49 London: Routledge
     [Google Scholar]
  36. Dustmann C, Kirchkamp O. 2002. The optimal migration duration and activity choice after re-migration. J. Dev. Econ. 67:2351–72
     [Google Scholar]
  37. Dustmann C, Weiss Y. 2007. Return migration: theory and empirical evidence from the UK. Br. J. Ind. Relat. 45:2236–56
     [Google Scholar]
  38. Farina LP, Miller S, Cavallaro JL 2010. No Place Like Home: Gang, State, and Clandestine Violence in El Salvador Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
  39. Fawcett JT. 1989. Networks, linkages, and migration systems. Int. Migr. Rev. 23:671–80
     [Google Scholar]
  40. Findlay AM, Li FLN, Jowett AJ, Skeldon R 1996. Skilled international migration and the global city: a study of expatriates in Hong Kong. Trans. Inst. Br. Geogr. 21:149–61
     [Google Scholar]
  41. FitzGerald DS. 2013. Immigrant impacts in Mexico: a tale of dissimilation. How Immigrants Impact Their Homelands S Eckstein, A Najam 114–37 Durham, NC: Duke Univ. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  42. Galvin TM. 2015. We deport them but they keep coming back: the normalcy of deportation in the daily life of undocumented Zimbabwean migrant workers in Botswana. J. Ethn. Migr. Stud. 41:4617–34
     [Google Scholar]
  43. Gibney MJ. 2008. Asylum and the expansion of deportation in the United Kingdom. Gov. Oppos. 43:2146–67
     [Google Scholar]
  44. Gibney MJ. 2013. Is deportation a form of forced migration. Refugee Surv. Q. 32:2116–29
     [Google Scholar]
  45. Gindling TH, Newhouse D. 2014. Self-employment in the developing world. World Dev 56:313–31
     [Google Scholar]
  46. Gmelch G. 1980. Return migration. Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 9:135–59
     [Google Scholar]
  47. Goffman E. 1963. Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity New York: Simon and Schuster
  48. Golash-Boza T. 2015. Deported: Immigrant Policing, Disposable Labor and Global Capitalism New York: NYU Press
  49. Grabowska I. 2018. Social skills, workplaces and social remittances: a case of post-accession migrants. Work Employ. Soc. 32:5868–86
     [Google Scholar]
  50. Grabowska I, Jastrzebowska A. 2019. The impact of migration on human capacities of two generations of Poles: the interplay of the individual and the social in human capital approaches. J. Ethn. Migr. Stud. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2019.1679414
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  51. Griffith DC. 1993. Jones's Minimal: Low-Wage Labor in the United States Albany, NY: SUNY Press
  52. Hagan JM. 1998. Social networks, gender, and immigrant incorporation: resources and constraints. Am. Sociol. Rev. 63:155–67
     [Google Scholar]
  53. Hagan JM, Eschbach K, Rodriguez N 2008. U.S. deportation policy, family separation, and circular migration. Int. Migr. Rev. 42:164–88
     [Google Scholar]
  54. Hagan JM, Hernández-León R, Demonsant JL 2015. Skills of the Unskilled: Work and Mobility Among Mexican Migrants Oakland: Univ. Calif. Press
  55. Hagan JM, Wassink J. 2016. New skills, new jobs: return migration, skill transfers, and business formation in Mexico. Soc. Probl. 63:4513–33
     [Google Scholar]
  56. Hagan JM, Wassink JT, Castro B 2019. A longitudinal analysis of resource mobilization among forced and voluntary return migrants in Mexico. J. Ethn. Migr. Stud. 45:1170–89
     [Google Scholar]
  57. Hall M, Greenman E, Yi Y 2019. Job mobility among unauthorized immigrant workers. Soc. Forces 97:3999–1028
     [Google Scholar]
  58. Hamdouch B, Wahba J. 2015. Return migration and entrepreneurship in Morocco. Middle East Dev. J. 7:2129–48
     [Google Scholar]
  59. Hausmann R, Nedelkoska L. 2018. Welcome home in a crisis: effects of return migration on the non-migrants’ wages and employment. Eur. Econ. Rev. 101:101–32
     [Google Scholar]
  60. Headley B, Milovanovic D. 2016a. Rebuilding self and country: deportee reintegration in Jamaica. Migr. Inf. Source Aug. 16. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/rebuilding-self-and-country-deportee-reintegration-jamaica
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Headley B, Milovanovic D. 2016b. Rights and reintegrating deported migrants for national development: the Jamaican model. Soc. Justice 43:67–84
     [Google Scholar]
  62. Hernández-León R, Zúñiga V, Lakhani SM 2020. An imperfect realignment: the movement of children and immigrants and their families from the United States to Mexico. Ethn. Racial Stud. 43:80–98
     [Google Scholar]
  63. Hollifield J, Martin PL, Orrenius P 2014. Controlling Immigration: A Global Perspective Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press, 3rd ed..
  64. Hondagneu-Sotelo P. 2001. Doméstica: Immigrant Workers Cleaning and Caring in the Shadows of Affluence Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
  65. ILO (Int. Labor Organ.) 2017. ILO global estimates on international migrant workers: results and methodology Rep., Int. Labor Organ Geneva:
  66. Janta H, Williams AM, Li G 2019. Returned migrants acquisition of competences: the contingencies of space and time. J. Ethn. Migr. Stud. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2019.1679408
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  67. Kanstroom D. 2012. Aftermath: Deportation Law and the New American Diaspora Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
  68. King R. 1986. Return Migration and Regional Economic Problems London: Croom Helm
  69. Kleist N. 2016. Returning with nothing but an empty bag: topographies of social hope after deportation to Ghana. Hope and Uncertainty in Contemporary African Migrationed. N Kleist, D Thorsen173–92 New York: Routledge, 1st ed..
     [Google Scholar]
  70. Kritz MM, Lim LL, Zlotnik H 1992. International Migration Systems: A Global Approach Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
  71. Kumar A. 2018. Economic re-integration of returning migrants in the construction sector in India Rep., Int. Labor Organ Geneva:
  72. Kumar P, Bhattacharya U, Nayek JK 2014. Return migration and development: evidence from India's skilled professionals. Indian Skilled Migration and Development: To Europe and Back G Tejada, U Bhattacharya, B Khadria, C Kuptsch 263–84 New Delhi: Springer India
     [Google Scholar]
  73. Light IH. 2006. Deflecting Immigration: Networks, Markets, and Regulation in Los Angeles New York: Russell Sage
  74. Lindstrom DP. 2013. The occupational mobility of return migrants: lessons from North America. The Demography of Europe G Neyer, G Andersson, H Kulu, L Bernardi, C Bühler 175–205 New York: Springer
     [Google Scholar]
  75. Lindstrom DP, Lauster N. 2001. Local economic opportunity and the competing risks of internal and U.S. migration in Zacatecas, Mexico. Int. Migr. Rev. 35:41232–56
     [Google Scholar]
  76. Link BG, Phelan JC. 2001. Conceptualizing stigma. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 27:363–85
     [Google Scholar]
  77. Lowe N, Hagan JM, Iskander N 2010. Revealing talent: informal skills intermediation as an emergent pathway to immigrant labor market incorporation. Environ. Plan. A 42:1205–22
     [Google Scholar]
  78. Mabogunje AL. 1970. Systems approach to a theory of rural‐urban migration. Geogr. Anal. 2:11–18
     [Google Scholar]
  79. Maginot KB. 2019. Survival or incorporation? Immigrant (re)integration after deportation. Routledge International Handbook of Migration Studies SJ Gold, SJ Nawyn512–22 London: Routledge, 2nd ed..
     [Google Scholar]
  80. Marchetta F. 2012. Return migration and the survival of entrepreneurial activities in Egypt. World Dev 40:101999–2013
     [Google Scholar]
  81. Martin R, Radu D. 2012. Return migration: the experience of Eastern Europe. Int. Migr. 50:6109–28
     [Google Scholar]
  82. Martin YC. 2017. The precarious deportee and human rights in the Dominican Republic. Immigration Policy in the Age of Punishment: Detention, Deportation, and Border Control DC Brotherton, P Kretsedemas 292–306 New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1st ed..
     [Google Scholar]
  83. Martínez DE, Slack J, Martinez-Schuldt RD 2018. Return migration in the age of the unauthorized permanent resident: a quantitative assessment of migration intentions post-deportation. Int. Migr. Rev. 52:1186–217
     [Google Scholar]
  84. Massey DS, Arango J, Hugo G, Kouaouci A, Pellegrino A 1999. Worlds in Motion: Understanding International Migration at the End of the Millennium Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
  85. Massey DS, Arango J, Hugo G, Kouaouci A, Pellegrino A, Taylor JE 1993. Theories of international migration: a review and appraisal. Popul. Dev. Rev. 19:3431–66
     [Google Scholar]
  86. Massey DS, Parrado EA. 1998. International migration and business formation in Mexico. Soc. Sci. Q. 79:11–20
     [Google Scholar]
  87. McKenzie D, Stillman S, Gibson J 2010. How important is selection? Experimental vs. non-experimental measures of the income gains from migration. J. Eur. Econ. Assoc. 8:4913–45
     [Google Scholar]
  88. Menjívar C, Abrego LJ, Schmalzbauer LC 2016. Immigrant Families Cambridge, UK: Polity
  89. Mesnard A. 2004. Temporary migration and capital market imperfections. Oxf. Econ. Pap. 56:2242–62
     [Google Scholar]
  90. Mezger Kveder CL, Flahaux ML 2012. Returning to Dakar: a mixed methods analysis of the role of migration experience for occupational status. World Dev 45:223–38
     [Google Scholar]
  91. Morawska E, Vecoli RJ, Sinke SM 1991. Return migrations: theoretical and research agenda. A Century of European Migrations, 1830–1930 RJ Vecoli, SM Sinke277–92 Urbana: Univ. Ill. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  92. Munshi K. 2003. Networks in the modern economy: Mexican migrants in the U. S. labor market. Q. J. Econ. 118:2549–99
     [Google Scholar]
  93. Olvera J, Muela C. 2016. Sin familia en México: redes sociales alternativas para la migración de retorno de jóvenes deportados con experiencia carcelaria en Texas. Mex. Stud. Estud. Mex. 32:2302–27
     [Google Scholar]
  94. Parrado EA, Gutierrez EY. 2016. The changing nature of return migration to Mexico, 1990–2010. Sociol. Dev. 2:293–118
     [Google Scholar]
  95. Pereira N. 2011. Return[ed] to paradise: the deportation experience in Samoa and Tonga Policy Pap. 21 UNESCO Paris:
  96. Perry GE, Maloney WF, Arias OS, Fajnzlber P, Mason AD, Saavedra-Chanduvi J 2007. Informality: Exit and Exclusion Washington, DC: World Bank
  97. Pessar PR. 1999. Engendering migration studies: the case of new immigrants in the United States. Am. Behav. Sci. 42:4577–600
     [Google Scholar]
  98. Peutz N. 2010. “Criminal alien” deportees in Somaliland: an ethnography of removal. The Deportation Regime: Sovereignty, Space, and the Freedom of Movement N De Genova, N Peutz 371–409 Durham, NC: Duke Univ. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  99. Piché V. 2013. Contemporary migration theories as reflected in their founding texts. Population 68:1141–64
     [Google Scholar]
  100. Piracha M, Vadean F. 2010. Return migration and occupational choice: evidence from Albania. World Dev 38:81141–55
     [Google Scholar]
  101. Portes A, Zhou M. 1993. The new second generation: segmented assimilation and its variants. Ann. Am. Acad. Political Soc. Sci. 530:74–96
     [Google Scholar]
  102. Ramirez H, Hondagneu-Sotelo P. 2009. Mexican immigrant gardeners: entrepreneurs or exploited workers. Soc. Probl. 56:170–88
     [Google Scholar]
  103. Ratia E. 2011. I was crying, I did not come back with anything: women's experiences of deportation from Europe to Nigeria. Afr. Diaspora 5:2143–64
     [Google Scholar]
  104. Reinhold S, Thom K. 2013. Migration experience and earnings in the Mexican labor market. J. Hum. Resour. 48:3768–820
     [Google Scholar]
  105. Roberts B, Menjívar C, Rodríguez NP 2017. Deportation and Return in a Border-Restricted World: Experiences in Mexico, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras New York: Springer
  106. Romero MAH. 2012. Nothing to learn? Labor learning in California's farmwork. Anthropol. Work Rev. 33:273–88
     [Google Scholar]
  107. Rothstein FA. 2015. Mexicans on the Move: Migration and Return in Rural Mexico London: Palgrave Macmillan
  108. Ruiz Soto AG, Dominguez-Villegas R, Argueta L, Capps R 2019. Sustainable reintegration: strategies to support migrants returning to Mexico and Central America Rep., Migr. Policy Inst Washington, DC:
  109. Sanderson M, Painter M. 2011. Occupational channels for Mexican migration: new destination formation in a binational context. Rural Sociol 76:4461–80
     [Google Scholar]
  110. Schuster L, Majidi N. 2015. Deportation stigma and re-migration. J. Ethn. Migr. Stud. 41:4635–52
     [Google Scholar]
  111. Sen A. 1988. Freedom of choice: concept and content. Eur. Econ. Rev. 32:2269–94
     [Google Scholar]
  112. Sen A. 1999. Development as Freedom New York: Anchor
  113. Sheehan CM, Riosmena F. 2013. Migration, business formation, and the informal economy in urban Mexico. Soc. Sci. Res. 42:41092–108
     [Google Scholar]
  114. Silver A. 2018. Displaced at “home”: 1.5-generation immigrants navigating membership after returning to Mexico. Ethnicities 18:2208–24
     [Google Scholar]
  115. Singer A, Massey DS. 1998. The social process of undocumented border crossing among Mexican migrants. Int. Migr. Rev. 32:3561–92
     [Google Scholar]
  116. Singh S. 2003. Brain drain to brain gain? Return migration of Indian information technology professionals Master's Thesis, MIT Cambridge, MA:
  117. Stark O. 1991. The Migration of Labor Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell
  118. Stark O, Bloom DE. 1985. The new economics of labor migration. Am. Econ. Rev. 75:2173–78
     [Google Scholar]
  119. Thomas KJA. 2008. Return migration in Africa and the relationship between educational attainment and labor market success: evidence from Uganda. Int. Migr. Rev. 42:3652–74
     [Google Scholar]
  120. Thomas KJA, Inkpen C. 2013. Migration dynamics, entrepreneurship, and African development: lessons from Malawi. Int. Migr. Rev. 47:4844–73
     [Google Scholar]
  121. Todaro MP. 1969. A model of labor migration and urban unemployment in less developed countries. Am. Econ. Rev. 59:1138–48
     [Google Scholar]
  122. United Nations 2017. International Migration Report 2017: Highlights New York: United Nations
  123. Van Houte M. 2019. Back to Afghanistan: expectations and challenges between development and reintegration. Migration & Integration 8—Dialog Zwischen Politik, Wissenschaft Und Praxis F Altenburg, T Pfeffer, L Rössl, M Czaika 141–57 Hapsburg, Ger.: Ed. Donau-Univ. Krems
     [Google Scholar]
  124. Waddell BJ, Fontenla M. 2015. The Mexican Dream? The effect of return migrants on hometown development. Soc. Sci. J. 52:3386–96
     [Google Scholar]
  125. Wahba J. 2015. Selection, selection, selection: the impact of return migration. J. Popul. Econ. 28:3535–63
     [Google Scholar]
  126. Wahba J, Zenou Y. 2012. Out of sight, out of mind: migration, entrepreneurship and social capital. Reg. Sci. Urban Econ. 42:5890–903
     [Google Scholar]
  127. Waldinger RD. 2015. The Cross-Border Connection: Immigrants, Emigrants, and Their Homelands Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
  128. Wassink JT, Hagan JM. 2018. A dynamic model of self-employment and socioeconomic mobility among return migrants: the case of urban Mexico. Soc. Forces 96:31069–96
     [Google Scholar]
  129. Williams AM. 2007. International labour migration and tacit knowledge transactions: a multi-level perspective. Glob. Netw. 7:129–50
     [Google Scholar]
  130. Williams AM, Baláž V. 2005. What human capital, which migrants? Returned skilled migration to Slovakia from the UK. Int. Migr. Rev. 39:2439–68
     [Google Scholar]
  131. Williams AM, Baláž V. 2014. International Migration and Knowledge New York: Routledge
  132. Wong TK. 2015. Rights, Deportation, and Detention in the Age of Immigration Control Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press, 1st ed..
  133. York J. 2013. Deported Khmer Americans: surviving Cambodia PhD Thesis North. Ill. Univ.
  134. Zayas LH. 2015. Forgotten Citizens: Deportation, Children, and the Making of American Exiles and Orphans Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
  135. Zilberg E. 2004. Fools banished from the kingdom: remapping geographies of gang violence between the Americas (Los Angeles and El Salvador). Am. Q 56:3759–79
     [Google Scholar]
  136. Zilberg E. 2011. Space of Detention: The Making of a Transnational Gang Crisis Between Los Angeles and San Salvador Durham, NC: Duke Univ. Press
  137. Zlolniski C. 1994. The informal economy in an advanced industrialized society: Mexican immigrant labor in Silicon Valley. Yale Law Rev 103:82305–35
     [Google Scholar]
  138. Zúñiga V, Giorguli Saucedo SE 2019. Niñas y niños en la migración de Estados Unidos a México: La generación 0.5 Mexico City: Col. Méx. Press., 1st ed..
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-soc-120319-015855
Loading
  • Article Type: Review Article

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error