Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-m8qmq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-18T11:42:52.828Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Apartheid South Africa's segregated legal field: black lawyers and the Bantustans

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 March 2020

Abstract

The history of South Africa's urban-based ‘struggle lawyers’ – a trajectory epitomized by Nelson Mandela – is much discussed by historians and biographers, reflecting a broader vein of historiography that celebrates anti-colonial legal activism. However, it was South Africa's ‘Native Reserves’ and Bantustans that produced the majority of African lawyers for much of the twentieth century. Indeed, two-thirds of the African justices who have sat on the post-apartheid Constitutional Court either practised or trained in the Bantustans during the apartheid era. The purpose of this article is thus to reappraise South Africa's ‘legal field’ – the complex relationship between professional formation, elite reproduction and the exercise of political power – by tracing the ambiguous role played by the Native Reserves/Bantustans in shaping the African legal profession across the twentieth century. How did African lawyers, persistently marginalized by century-long patterns of exclusion, nevertheless construct an elite profession within the confines of segregation and apartheid? How might we link the histories of the Bantustans with the better-known ‘struggle historiography’ that emphasizes the role of political and legal activism in the cities? And what are the implications of South Africa's segregated history for debates about the ‘decolonization’ of the legal profession in the post-apartheid era?

Résumé

Résumé

L'histoire des « struggle lawyers » d'Afrique du Sud, juristes engagés urbains (une trajectoire dont Nelson Mandela est l'illustration parfaite), est l'objet de nombreuses discussions d'historiens et de biographes, reflétant une veine d'historiographie plus large qui vante l'activisme juridique anticolonial. Or, pendant une grande partie du vingtième siècle, la majorité des juristes africains étaient issus des « Native Reserves » et des bantoustans d'Afrique du Sud. En effet, les deux tiers des juges africains qui siégeaient à la Cour constitutionnelle post-apartheid avaient soit exercé, soit effectué leur formation, dans les bantoustans durant l'apartheid. L'objet de cet article est donc de réévaluer le « champ juridique » d'Afrique du Sud (la relation complexe entre la formation professionnelle, la reproduction des élites et l'exercice du pouvoir politique) en étudiant le rôle ambigu joué par les Native Reserves/bantoustans dans le façonnage de la profession juridique africaine tout au long du vingtième siècle. Comment les juristes africains, marginalisés de façon persistante par des schémas d'exclusion durant tout un siècle, ont-ils malgré tout construit une profession élitaire dans un cadre de ségrégation et d'apartheid ? Quels liens pourrions-nous faire entre les histoires des bantoustans et l’« historiographie de la lutte », mieux connue, qui souligne le rôle de l'activisme politique et juridique dans les villes ? Et quelles sont les implications de l'histoire ségrégée de l'Afrique du Sud pour les débats sur la « décolonisation » de la profession juridique dans l’ère post-apartheid ?

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abel, R. (1995) Politics by Other Means: law in the struggle against apartheid, 1980–1994. Oxford: Taylor and Francis.Google Scholar
Adebanwi, W. (2014) Yoruba Elites and Ethnic Politics in Nigeria: Obafeni Awolowo and corporate agency. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alexander, G. (1988) Commission of Inquiry into the Department of Works and Engineering: third report with particular reference to gambling rights and related matters. Mthatha: Government Printer.Google Scholar
Badat, S. (1990) ‘The expansion of black tertiary education’ in Wolpe, H., Unterhalter, E. and Botha, T. (eds), Education in a Future South Africa: policy issues for transformation. London: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Basner, M. (1993) Am I an African? The political memoirs of H. M. Basner. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press.Google Scholar
Beinart, W. (2012) ‘Beyond the Homelands: some ideas about the history of African rural areas in South Africa’, South African Historical Journal 64 (1): 521.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berkley, H. (1979) ‘The mission that failed’, The Spectator, 4 August.Google Scholar
Bhorat, H., Buthelezi, M., Chipkin, I., Duma, S., Mondi, L., Peter, C., Qobo, M., Swilling, M. and Friedenstein, H. (2017) Betrayal of a Promise: how South Africa is being stolen. Johannesburg: Public Affairs Research Institute, University of the Witwatersrand.Google Scholar
Bizos, G. (2007) Odyssey to Freedom: a memoir by the world-renowned human rights advocate, friend and lawyer to Nelson Mandela. Houghton: Random House.Google Scholar
Bloomberg, D. (2007) My Times: the memoirs of David Bloomberg: man of theatre, lawyer, businessman and former mayor of Cape Town. Cape Town: Fernwood Press.Google Scholar
Booth, D. (2009) ‘Elites, governance and the public interest in Africa: working with the grain?’ Discussion paper 6. London: Overseas Development Institute.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, P. (1987) ‘The force of law: towards a sociology of the juridical field’, Hastings Law Journal 38: 805–53.Google Scholar
Brett, P. (2015) ‘Cause lawyers sans frontières: juristes Sud-Africains et judiciarisation du politique en Afrique australe’, Politique Africaine 138 (2): 93119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broun, K. (2000) Black Lawyers, White Courts: the soul of South African law. Athens OH: Ohio University Press.Google Scholar
Broun, K. (2012) Saving Nelson Mandela: the Rivonia trial and the fate of South Africa. New York NY: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Callinicos, L. (2004) Oliver Tambo: beyond the Engeli Mountains. Cape Town: Longman.Google Scholar
de Vos, P. (2009) ‘What do we mean when we talk about transformation?’, Constitutionally Speaking, 27 July <http://constitutionallyspeaking.co.za/what-do-we-talk-about-when-we-talk-about-transformation/>, accessed 16 June 2017.,+accessed+16+June+2017.>Google Scholar
de Vos, P. (2011) ‘On the appointment of a chief justice’, Constitutionally Speaking, 29 July <https://constitutionallyspeaking.co.za/on-the-appointment-of-a-chief-justice/>, accessed 16 June 2017.,+accessed+16+June+2017.>Google Scholar
Dezalay, S. (2015) ‘Les juristes en Afrique: entre trajectoires d’État, sillons d'empire et mondialisation’, Politique Africaine 138 (2): 523.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dezalay, S. (2017) ‘Lawyers’ empire on the (African) colonial margins’, International Journal of the Legal Profession 24 (1): 2230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dezalay, Y. and Garth, B. (2002) The Internationalisation of the Palace Wars: lawyers, economists and the contest to transform Latin American states. Chicago IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dezalay, Y. and Garth, B. (2010) Asian Legal Revivals: lawyers in the shadow of empire. London: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dezalay, Y. and Garth, B. (2011) ‘State politics and legal markets’, Comparative Sociology 10: 3866.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibbs, T. (2014) Mandela's Kinsmen: nationalist elites and apartheid's first Bantustan. Oxford: James Currey.Google Scholar
Gibbs, T. (2018) ‘Nelson Mandela and South Africa's transformative constitution’. Paper presented at a seminar, Johannesburg.Google Scholar
Gould, J. (2006) ‘Strong bar, weak state? Lawyers, liberalism and state formation in Zambia’, Development and Change 37 (4): 921–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halliday, T., Karpik, L. and Feeley, M. (eds) (2012) Fates of Political Liberalism in the British Post-colony: the politics of the legal complex. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hull, E. (2017) Contingent Citizens: professional aspiration in a South African hospital. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Jenvy, N. (2013) ‘Low-skilled lawyers prompt calls for law degree reform’, University World News 276 (15 June) <http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20130613155812925>, accessed 16 June 2017.,+accessed+16+June+2017.>Google Scholar
Karekwaivanane, G. (2016) ‘“Through the narrow door”: narratives of the first generation of African lawyers in Zimbabwe’, Africa 86 (1): 5977.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karekwaivanane, G. (2017) The Struggle over State Power: law and politics since 1950. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klaaren, J. (2016) ‘African corporate lawyering and globalisation’, International Journal of the Legal Profession 22 (2): 226–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klaaren, J. (2020) ‘The contemporary South African legal profession and its transformations’ in Abel, R., Hammerslev, O., Schultz, U. and Sommerlad, H. (eds), Lawyers in 21st-century Societies. London: Hart Publishing.Google Scholar
Klingman, S. (1998) Bram Fischer: Afrikaner revolutionary. Amherst MA: University of Massachusetts Press.Google Scholar
Koyana-Letlaka, P. T. (2014) This is My Life: a South African journey. Bloomington IN: Xlibris.Google Scholar
Kuper, L. (1964) An African Bourgeoisie: race, class and politics in South Africa. London: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Lekgoathi, S. P. (2007) ‘Teacher militancy in the rural northern Transvaal community of Zebediela, 1986–1994’, South African Historical Journal 58 (1): 226–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lodge, T. (2005) ‘Provincial government and state authority in South Africa’, Journal of Southern African Studies 31 (4): 737–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lodge, T. (2006) Mandela: a critical life. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lorenzen, J., Malusi, T. and Minofu, K. (2015) ‘On being black in UCT's law faculty’, 6 May <https://www.groundup.org.za/article/being-black-ucts-law-faculty_2907/>, accessed 16 June 2017., accessed 16 June 2017.' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Lorenzen,+J.,+Malusi,+T.+and+Minofu,+K.+(2015)+‘On+being+black+in+UCT's+law+faculty’,+6+May+,+accessed+16+June+2017.>Google Scholar
Luckham, R. (1978) ‘Imperialism, law and structural dependence: the Ghanaian legal profession’, Development and Change 9 (2): 201–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Makgoba, S. (2011) ‘Funeral sermon for Judge Fikile Bam’, 28 December <http://archbishop.anglicanchurchsa.org/2011/12/funeral-sermon-for-judge-fikile-bam.html>, accessed 16 June 2017.,+accessed+16+June+2017.>Google Scholar
Mandela, N. (1994) Long Walk to Freedom. London: Abacus.Google Scholar
Manson, A. H. (2011) ‘“Punching above its weight”: the Mafikeng Anti-Repression Forum (Maref) and the fall of Bophuthatswana’, African Historical Review 43 (2): 5583.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marks, S. (1994) Divided Sisterhood: race, class and gender in the South African nursing profession. Basingstoke: Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mda, Z. (2012) Sometimes There Is a Void: memoirs of an outsider. New York NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.Google Scholar
Moguerane, K. (2016) ‘Black landlords, their tenants, and the Natives Land Act of 1913’, Journal of Southern African Studies 42 (2): 243–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moseneke, D. (2016) My Own Liberator: a memoir. Johannesburg: Picador Africa. Note: ‘page’ numbers in citations refer to Kindle locations.Google Scholar
Mqingwana, V. and Peires, J. (2010) Chris Hani Municipality Liberation Heritage Route: icon site guide. Grahamstown: Rhodes University.Google Scholar
Ncube, W. (1997) ‘Lawyers against the law? Judges and the legal profession in Rhodesia and Zimbabwe’, Zimbabwe Law Review 14: 108–25.Google Scholar
Ndima, D. (2004) The Law of Commoners and Kings: narratives of a rural Transkei magistrate. Pretoria: University of South Africa Press.Google Scholar
Ngcukaitobi, T. (2018) The Land Is Ours: black lawyers and the birth of constitutionalism in South Africa. Cape Town: Penguin.Google Scholar
Ngqulunga, B. (2017) The Man who Founded the ANC: a biography of Pixley Ka Isaka Seme. Johannesburg: Penguin.Google Scholar
Nkosi, T. (2016) ‘The clever blacks have spoken – Phosa’, News24, 5 August <https://www.news24.com/elections/news/the-clever-blacks-have-spoken-phosa-20160805>, accessed 26 October 2019.,+accessed+26+October+2019.>Google Scholar
Ntsebeza, D. (2004) ‘Why a majority black bench is inevitable’, Sunday Times, 25 July.Google Scholar
Odendaal, A. (2012) The Founders: the origins of the ANC and the struggle for democracy in South Africa. Johannesburg: Jacana.Google Scholar
Pikoli, V. and Weiner, M. (2013) My Second Initiation: the memoir of Vusi Pikoli. Johannesburg: Picador.Google Scholar
Pruitt, L. (2002) ‘No black names on the letterhead? Efficient discrimination and the South African legal profession’, Michigan Journal of International Law 23 (3): 545676.Google Scholar
Pue, W. (2016) Lawyers’ Empire: legal professions and cultural authority, 1780–1950. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.Google Scholar
Radebe, J. T. (2012) ‘Paying tribute to the late judge of the Constitutional Court, Justice Tholi Madala’. Address given at the Annual General Meeting of Advocates for Transformation, Savoy Hotel, Mthatha, 23 June <http://www.justice.gov.za/m_speeches/2012/20120623_justice-madala.html>, accessed 17 June 2017.,+accessed+17+June+2017.>Google Scholar
Randell, G. (1985) Bench and Bar of the Eastern Cape. Grahamstown: Grocott and Sherry.Google Scholar
Rotberg, R. and Thompson, D. (2000) Truth v. Justice: the morality of truth commissions. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sachs, A. (1973) Justice in South Africa. Berkeley CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
SAIRR (1959–60) A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa. Johannesburg: South African Institute of Race Relations (SAIRR).Google Scholar
SAIRR (1968) A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa. Johannesburg: South African Institute of Race Relations (SAIRR).Google Scholar
SAIRR (1976) A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa. Johannesburg: South African Institute of Race Relations (SAIRR).Google Scholar
SAIRR (1981) A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa. Johannesburg: South African Institute of Race Relations (SAIRR).Google Scholar
Shafari, M. (2007) ‘A new history of colonial lawyering: Likhovski and legal identities in the British Empire’, Law and Social Inquiry 32 (4): 1059–94.Google Scholar
Shisuba, M. (2004) ‘Notes on the history and development of the Transkei Society of Advocates’, Advocate 1822.Google Scholar
Sitas, A. (1985) ‘Inanda, August 1985: “Where wealth and power and blood reign worshipped gods”’, South African Labour Bulletin 11 (4): 85121.Google Scholar
Southall, R. (1982) South Africa's Transkei: the political economy of an ‘independent’ Bantustan. London: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Southall, R. (2011) ‘Family and favour at the court of Jacob Zuma’, Review of African Political Economy 38 (130): 617–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Streek, B. and Wicksteed, R. (1981) Render Unto Kaiser: a Transkei dossier. Johannesburg: Ravan Press.Google Scholar
Tolsi, N. (2017) ‘Mogoeng: from pariah to saviour’, Mail and Guardian, 15 April.Google Scholar
Tsunga, A. (2009) ‘The professional trajectory of a human rights lawyer in Zimbabwe between 2000 and 2008’, Journal of Southern African Studies 35: 977–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uys, J. F. (1970) Biographical Directory of South African Lawyers. Johannesburg: Juridata.Google Scholar
van Reenen, T. H. (1988) Report of the Commission of Inquiry into the Department of Works and Energy on the Butterworth and Ezibeleni Housing Contracts. Mthatha: Government Printer.Google Scholar
Walshe, P. (1970) The Rise of African Nationalism in South Africa: the African National Congress, 1912–1952. London: C. Hurst.Google Scholar
Werbner, R. (2004) Reasonable Radicals and Citizenship in Botswana: the public anthropology of Kalanga elites. Bloomington IN: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar