Abstract
In this study, the new method of the vortex core line based on Liutex definition, also known as Liutex core line, is applied to support the hypothesis that the vortex ring is not a part of the Λ - vortex and the formation of the ring-like vortex is formed separately from the Λ - vortex. The proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) is also applied to analyze the Kelvin-VHelmholtz (K-H) instability happening in hairpin ring areas of the flow transition on the flat plate to understand the mechanism of the ring-like vortex formation. The new vortex identification method named modified Liutex-Omega method is efficiently used to visualize and observe the shapes of vortex structures in 3-D. The streamwise vortex structure characteristics can be found in POD mode one as the mean flow. The other POD modes are in stremwise and spanwise structures and have the fluctuation motions, which are induced by K-H instability. Moreover, the result shows that POD modes are in pairs and share the same characteristics such as amplitudes, mode shapes, and time evolutions. The vortex core and POD results confirm that the Λ - vortex is not self-deformed to a hairpin vortex, but the hairpin vortex is formed by the K-H instability during the development of Lambda vortex to hairpin vortex in the boundary layer flow transition.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Yan Y., Chen C., Huankun F. et al. DNS study on Λ-vortex and vortex ring formation in the flow transition at Mach number 0.5 [J]. Journal of Turbulence, 2014, 15(1): 1–21.
Liu C., Yan Y., Lu P. Physics of turbulence generation and sustenance in a boundary layer [J]. Computers and Fluids, 2014, 102: 353–384.
Hama F. R. Boundary-layer transition induced by a vibrating ribbon on a flat plate [C]. Proceedings of the 1960 Heat Transfer and Fluid Mechanics Institute, Palo Alto, CA, USA, 1960, 92–105.
Hama F. R., Nutant J. Detailed flow-field observations in the transition process in a thick boundary layer [J]. Proceedings of the 1963 Heat Transfer and Fluid Mechanics Institute, Palo Alto, CA, USA, 1963, 77–93.
Knapp C. F., Roache P. J. A combined visual and hot-wire anemometer investigation of boundary-layer transition [J]. AIAA Journal, 1968, 6(1): 29–36.
Moin P., Leonard A., Kim J. Evolution of curved vortex filament into a vortex ring [J]. Physics of Fluids, 1986, 29(4): 955–963.
Helmholtz H. Über Integrale der hydrodynamischen Gleichungen, welche den Wirbelbewegungen entsprechen [J]. Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik, 1858, 55: 25–55.
Robinson S. K. Coherent motion in the turbulent boundary layer [J]. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 1991, 23: 601–639.
Jeong J., Hussain F. On the identification of a vortex [J]. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 1995, 285: 69–94.
Liu C., Gao Y., Tian S. et al. Rortex—A new vortex vector definition and vorticity tensor and vector decompositions [J]. Physics of Fluids, 2018, 30(3): 035103.
Gao Y., Liu C. Rortex and comparison with eigenvalue-based vortex identification criteria [J]. Physics of Fluids, 2018, 30(8): 085107.
Liu C., Gao Y. S., Dong X. R. et al. Third generation of vortex identification methods: Omega and Liutex/Rortex based systems [J]. Journal of Hydrodynamics, 2019, 31(2): 205–223.
Gao Y., Liu, C. Rortex based velocity gradient tensor decomposition [J]. Physics of Fluids, 2019, 31(1): 011704.
Gao Y. S., Liu J. M., Yu Y. et al. A Liutex based definition of vortex rotation axis line [J]. Journal of Hydrodynamics, 2019, 31(3): 445–454.
Wang Y. Q., Gao Y. S., Liu J. M. et al. Explicit formula for the Liutex vector and physical meaning of vorticity based on the Liutex-Shear decomposition [J]. Journal of Hydrodynamics, 2019, 31(3): 464–474.
Liu J. M., Deng Y., Gao Y. S. et al. Mathematical foundation of turbulence generation-symmetric to asymmetric Liutex/Rortex [J]. Journal of Hydrodynamics, 2019, 31(4): 632–636.
Wang Y. Q., Gao Y. S., Xu H. et al. Liutex theoretical system and six core elements of vortex identification [J]. Journal of Hydrodynamics, 2020, 32(2): 197–211.
Xu W. Q., Wang Y. Q., Gao Y. S. et al. Liutex similarity in the turbulent boundary layer [J]. Journal of Hydrodynamics, 2019, 31(6): 1259–1262.
Liu J., Liu C. Modified normalized Rortex/vortex identification method [J]. Physics of Fluids, 2019, 31(6): 061704.
Gao Y. S., Liu J. M., Yu Y. et al. A Liutex based definition and identification of vortex core center lines [J]. Journal of Hydrodynamics, 2019, 31(3): 445–454.
Lumley J. L. The structure of inhomogeneous turbulent flows (Yaglom A. M., Tartarsky V. I. Atmospheric turbulence and radio wave propagation) [M]. 1967, 166–178.
Sirovich L. Turbulence and the dynamics of coherent structures. Part I: Coherent structures [J]. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics, 1987, 45(3): 561–571.
Duggleby A., Ball K. S., Paul M. R. et al. Dynamical eigenfunction decomposition of turbulent pipe flow [J]. Journal of Turbulence, 2007, 8: N43.
Duggleby A., Ball K. S., Paul M. R. The effect of spanwise wall oscillation on turbulent pipe flow structures resulting in drag reduction [J]. Physics of Fluids, 2007, 19(12): 107–125.
Hellstrom L., Ganapathisubramani B., Smits A. J. Coherent structures in transitional pipe flow [J]. Physical Review Fluids, 2016, 1(2): 024403.
Dong X. R., Cai X. S., Dong Y. et al. POD analysis on vortical structures in MVG wake by Liutex core line identification [J]. Journal of Hydrodynamics, 2020, 32(3): 497–509.
Gunes H., Rist U. Proper orthogonal decomposition reconstruction of a transitional boundary layer with and without control [J]. Physics of Fluids, 2004, 16(8): 2763.
Yang Y., Tian S., Liu C. POD analyses on vortex structure in late-stage transition [R]. AIAA paper 2018-0821, 2018.
Charkrit S., Dong X., Liu C. POD analysis of losing symmetry in late flow transition [R]. AIAA paper 2019-1870, 2019.
Cavalieri A., Schlatter P., Vinuesa R. et al. SPOD and resolvent analysis of near-wall coherent structures in turbulent pipe flows [J]. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 2020, 900: A11.
Chen L., Liu C. Numerical study on mechanisms of second sweep and positive spikes in transitional flow on a flat plate [J]. Computers of Fluids, 2011, 40(1): 28–41.
Bake S., Meyer D., Rist U. Turbulence mechanism in Klebanoff transition: A quantitative comparison of experiment and direct numerical simulation [J]. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 2002, 459: 217–243.
Lee C., Li R. A dominant structure in turbulent production of boundary layer transition [J]. Journal of Turbulence, 2007, 8: N55.
Liu C., Wang Y. Q., Yang Y. et al. New Omega vortex identification method [J]. Science China Physics, Mechanics and Astronomy, 2016, 59(8): 684711.
Dong X., Gao Y., Liu C. New normalized Rortex/vortex identification method [J]. Physics of Fluids, 2019, 31(1): 011701.
Liu J. M., Gao Y. S., Wang Y. Q. et al. Objective Omega vortex identification method [J]. Journal of Hydrodynamics, 2019, 31(3): 455–463.
Hunt J. C. R., Wray A. A., Moin P. Eddies, stream, and convergence zones in turbulent flows [R]. proceedings of the Summer Program. Center for Turbulent Research Report CTR-S88, 1988, 193–208.
Zhang Y. N., Wang X. Y., Zhang Y. N. et al. Comparisons and analyses of vortex identification between Omega method and Q criterion [J]. Journal of Hydrodynamics, 2019, 31(2): 224–230.
Zhang Y. N., Liu K. H., Li J. W. et al. Analysis of the vortices in the inner flow of reversible pump-turbine with the new omega vortex identification method [J]. Journal of Hydrodynamics, 2018, 30(3): 463–469.
Dong X. R., Wang Y. Q., Chen X. P. et al. Determination of epsilon for Omega vortex identification method [J]. Journal of Hydrodynamics, 2018, 30(4): 541–548.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the Department of Mathematics of University of Texas at Arlington and Royal Thai Government for the financial support. The authors are grateful to Texas Advanced Computation Center (TACC) for providing CPU hours to this research project. The computation is performed by using Code DNSUTA which was released by Dr. Chaoqun Liu at University of Texas at Arlington in 2009.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Biography: Sita Charkrit, Female, Ph. D.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Charkrit, S., Shrestha, P. & Liu, C. Liutex core line and POD analysis on hairpin vortex formation in natural flow transition. J Hydrodyn 32, 1109–1121 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42241-020-0079-0
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42241-020-0079-0