Abstract
A fungicide resistance survey of Botrytis populations in Danish strawberry fields was conducted in 2015 to 2019. Among 594 isolates from 46 fields under integrated pest management, 40% were resistant to fenhexamid, 76% to QoI fungicides, 57% to boscalid and 59% to anilinopyrimidines. These resistance levels were higher than in Northern Germany during the same period, reflecting the more frequent use of the corresponding commercial fungicides in Denmark. In contrast, resistance to fludioxonil (21%) was lower in Denmark than in Northern Germany. Fungicide resistance generally increased with the age of strawberry fields. Isolates with multiple resistance to the registered fungicides were more likely than sensitive isolates to possess resistance also to iprodione and thiophanate-methyl, two fungicides which were no longer used in Denmark during the sampling period. This coupling of resistance to current and old fungicides is interpreted as evidence of a differentiation of Botrytis populations into strains with enhanced and reduced competence to develop fungicide resistance. In order to retard resistance development, adjustments to Danish fungicide registration for strawberries are recommended. Further, non-chemical control methods such as removing infected fruit at harvest should be implemented.
Zusammenfassung
Ein Monitoring von Fungizidresistenzen bei Botrytis in dänischen Erdbeerfeldern wurde im Zeitraum von 2015 bis 2019 durchgeführt. Von 594 Isolaten aus 46 Feldern unter Integriertem Pflanzenschutz zeigten 40 % Resistenz gegen Fenhexamid, 76 % gegen QoI-Fungizide, 57 % gegen Boscalid und 59 % gegen Anilinopyrimidine. Diese im Vergleich zum norddeutschen Erdbeeranbau erhöhten Werte spiegelten die intensivere Anwendung der relevanten Fungizide in Dänemark wider. Im Gegensatz dazu lag die Resistenz gegen Fludioxonil mit 21 % niedriger als in Norddeutschland. Der Anteil der Fungizidresistenzen stieg mit längerer Kultivierungsdauer der Felder generell an. Isolate mit multipler Resistenz gegen die zugelassenen Wirkstoffe besaßen häufiger als sensitive Isolate eine gleichzeitige Resistenz gegen Iprodion und MBC-Fungizide, welche in Dänemark während des Untersuchungszeitraums nicht mehr eingesetzt worden waren. Diese Kombination von Resistenzen gegen aktuelle und alte Fungizide lässt auf eine Differenzierung der Botrytis-Populationen in Stämme mit geringerer und höherer Kompetenz zur Resistenzbildung schließen. Um die weitere Ausbreitung von Resistenzen zu verlangsamen, werden Anpassungen in der Fungizidzulassung an Erdbeeren in Dänemark vorgeschlagen. Des Weiteren sollten verstärkt nichtchemische Maßnahmen wie das Entfernen befallener Früchte während der Ernte in die Strategie zur Grauschimmelbekämpfung einbezogen werden.
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by research grant HORTPROTECT from Grønt Udviklings- og Demonstrationsprogram, GUDP, Denmark (Project number 34009-16-1097). We thank Hanne Birgitte Christensen, Anne-Pia Larsen and Stefanie Kutz for assistance in performing laboratory assays, and Dan Christensen for help with the sampling of strawberry fields.
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B.J. Nielsen, N.L. Jensen, P. Hartvig, L. Hjelmroth and R.W.S. Weber declare that they have no competing interests.
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Nielsen, B.J., Jensen, N.L., Hartvig, P. et al. Fungicide Resistance in Botrytis in Danish Strawberry Production. Erwerbs-Obstbau 63, 1–6 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10341-021-00541-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10341-021-00541-1
Keywords
- Boscalid
- Botrytis cinerea
- Botrytis pseudocinerea
- Cyprodinil
- Denmark
- Fenhexamid
- Fludioxonil
- Fungicide resistance
- Iprodione
- Northern Germany
- QoI fungicides
- Strawberry
- Thiophanate-methyl
- Trifloxystrobin