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Dams and reservoirs in karst? Keep away or accept the challenges

Barrages et réservoirs en milieu karstique? S’en tenir à l’écart ou en accepter les défis

¿Presas y embalses en el karst? Mantenerse alejado o aceptar los desafíos constantes de los límites de las cargas hidráulicas

在岩溶区建设水坝和水库? 选择避开还是接受挑战

Barragens e reservatórios no carste? Fique longe ou aceite os desafios

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Abstract

The distribution and flow of groundwater in karstified rocks can be extremely complex and not readily predictable, a far from friendly environment for constructing dams and reservoirs. There have been many expensive failures such as unacceptable leakage rates at and around dams, and/or reservoirs that could not be filled to the design levels. This is never the fault of site geology but always of human mistakes due to inadequate investigation programmes and/or erroneous interpretation of the karst processes at work. Remedial works are expensive, time-consuming and frequently do not justify the money invested. As a result, those undertaking engineering works in karst terrains may approach with two fears—of the exceptional risk and/or of a failure. The key question, so often, is whether to build the dam in karstified rocks or keep away from such a risky environment. However, construction of water storage reservoirs is essential in many karst regions for socio-economic development. The challenge must be accepted. Based on much field experience, the best practices for selection of adequate dam and reservoir sites are defined and illustrated with specific examples from many different climatic, topographic, lithologic and hydrogeologic settings in Europe and Asia. This work emphasises that the amount of certainty or uncertainty in the crucial parameters—geological structure, groundwater regime, intensity and depth of karstification—should be recognized.

Résumé

La répartition et l’écoulement des eaux souterraines dans les roches karstifiées peuvent être extrêmement complexes et difficilement prévisibles, un contexte loin d’être favorable à la construction de barrages et de réservoirs. Il y a eu de nombreux échecs coûteux, comme des débits de fuite inacceptables au droit et autour des barrages et/ou des réservoirs, qui n’ont pas pu être remplis jusqu’aux nveaux de projet. Ce n’est jamais du fait de la géologie du site mais toujours du fait d’erreurs humaines imputables à des programmes d’investigation inadéquats et/ou à des erreurs d’interprétation des processus karstiques à l’œuvre. Les travaux de restauration sont coûteux, prennent du temps et souvent ne justifie pas l’argent investi. En conséquence, ceux qui entreprennent des travaux d’ingénierie dans des terrains karstiques peuvent les aborder avec deux craintes – celle d’un risque exceptionnel et/ou celle d’une défaillance. La question clé, tant de fois posée, est de savoir s’il faut construire le barrage dans des terrains karstifiés ou rester à l’écart d’un tel. environnent aussi risqué. Pourtant, la construction de réservoirs de stockage d’eau est essentielle au développement socio-économique dans de nombreuses régions karstiques. Le défi doit être accepté. Sur la base d’une grande expérience de terrain, les meilleures pratiques pour la sélection des sites de barrages et réservoirs adéquats sont définies et illustrées grâce à des exemples spécifiques tirés de nombreux contextes différents aux plans climatique, topographique, lithologique et hydrogéologique, en Europe et en Asie. Le présent travail souligne que le degré de certitude ou d’incertitude de la valeur des paramètres déterminants – structure géologique, régime des eaux souterraines et intensité et profondeur de la karstification –devrait être caractérisé.

Resumen

La distribución y el flujo de las aguas subterráneas en las rocas karstificadas pueden ser extremadamente complejos y no fácilmente predecibles, un ámbito nada propicio para la construcción de presas y embalses. Existen muchas fallas costosas, tales como tasas de fuga inaceptables en las presas y sus alrededores, y/o reservorios que no pudieron ser llenados a los niveles de diseño. Esto nunca es culpa de la geología del lugar, sino siempre de errores humanos debidos a programas de investigación inadecuados y/o a una interpretación errónea de los procesos kársticos en desarrollo. Las obras de reparación son costosas, llevan mucho tiempo y a menudo no justifican el capital invertido. Por ello, quienes realizan trabajos de ingeniería en terrenos kársticos pueden abordarlos con dos riesgos: el del riesgo excepcional y/o el del fracaso. La cuestión clave, con frecuencia, es si construir la presa en rocas kársticas o mantenerse alejado de un medio tan arriesgado. Sin embargo, la construcción de embalses de almacenamiento de agua es esencial en muchas regiones kársticas para el desarrollo socioeconómico. Hay que aceptar el desafío. Sobre la base de mucha experiencia sobre el terreno, se definen las prácticas óptimas para la selección de los lugares adecuados para las presas y los embalses, y se ilustran con ejemplos concretos de muchos escenarios climáticos, topográficos, litológicos e hidrogeológicos diferentes en Europa y Asia. En esta labor se hace hincapié en que debe reconocerse el grado de certidumbre o incertidumbre de los parámetros cruciales: la estructura geológica, el régimen de aguas subterráneas, la intensidad y la profundidad de la karstificación.

摘要

岩溶区地下水流的分布可能极其复杂且难以预测,与建造大坝和水库的友好环境相去甚远。存在许多昂贵的失败案例,例如在无法达到设计水位的大坝和/或大坝周边和/或水库处的不可忽视的渗漏率。这绝不是现场地质的错,而是由于调查不充分和/或对调查中岩溶过程的错误解释而造成的人为错误。补救工作是昂贵,费时的,并且常常不能评估其投资的合理性。结果,那些在岩溶区从事工程工作的人可能会面临两种恐惧–极高的风险和/或失败。因此,关键问题经常是在岩溶区建造大坝还是避免如此危险的环境。但是,在许多喀斯特地区,蓄水库的建设对于社会经济发展至关重要。必须接受挑战。根据大量的现场经验,确定了选择合适的水坝和水库地点的最佳做法,并举例说明了欧洲和亚洲许多不同气候,地形,岩性和水文地质环境中的实例。这项工作强调,应认识到关键参数(如地质结构,地下水状况,岩溶强度和深度)的可靠性或不确定性。

Resumo

A distribuição e o fluxo da água subterrânea em rochas carstificadas podem ser extremamente complexos e não facilmente previsíveis, um ambiente nada amigável para a construção de represas e reservatórios. Tem havido muitas falhas caras, como taxas de vazamento inaceitáveis em e ao redor das barragens e/ou reservatórios que não puderam ser enchidos até os níveis projetados. Isso nunca é culpa da geologia do local, mas sempre de erros humanos devido a programas de investigação inadequados e/ou interpretação errônea dos processos cársticos em funcionamento. As obras de reparação são caras, demoradas e frequentemente não justificam o dinheiro investido. Como resultado, aqueles que realizam trabalhos de engenharia em terrenos cársticos podem se deparar com dois medos—do risco excepcional e/ou de uma falha. A questão chave, com frequência, é construir a barragem em rochas cársticas ou manter-se afastado de um ambiente tão perigoso. No entanto, a construção de reservatórios de água é essencial em muitas regiões cársticas para o desenvolvimento socioeconômico. O desafio deve ser aceito. Com base em muita experiência de campo, as melhores práticas para a seleção de locais adequados para barragens e reservatórios são definidas e ilustradas com exemplos específicos de vários cenários climáticos, topográficos, litológicos e hidrogeológicos na Europa e na Ásia. Este trabalho enfatiza que a quantidade de certeza ou incerteza nos parâmetros cruciais—estrutura geológica, regime de água subterrânea, intensidade e profundidade da carstificação—deve ser reconhecida.

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Acknowledgements

I would like to express my gratitude to Dr. Derek Ford, Emeritus Professor, McMaster University, Canada, for his great effort in reviewing the article in detail, and for the excellent language editing which improved its quality and clarity.

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Correspondence to Petar Milanović.

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Published in the special issue “Five decades of advances in karst hydrogeology”

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Milanović, P. Dams and reservoirs in karst? Keep away or accept the challenges. Hydrogeol J 29, 89–100 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-020-02273-0

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