Abstract
In recent years, distributed generation resources, especially renewable energies, have utilized in different situations; to solve the environmental pollution problems and lack of sufficient energies. In this regard, microgrid’s bi-objective energy scheduling and management are considered with INVELOX wind turbine, micro-turbine, boiler, CHP, photovoltaic, wind turbines, and also energy storage systems to enhance the reliability of the network. Moreover, portable resources have been used to manage the demand side. The remarkable innovation of this paper is to control the transmission line circuit breakers, and as a result, control the ecological contamination and microgrid’s cost; by variation in exchangeable power. In this strategy, the microgrid is capable of changing the tie line capacity and achieve the top-selling or buying electricity to/from the power system by switching the circuit breakers (circuit breakers can switch by operator decision or smart devices if required, at all-time intervals). The proposed strategy is modeled as mixed-integer linear programming. All-out expense and ecological contamination of under-study’s microgrid are considered as the objective function. The EPC technique and fuzzy methodology have been used to tackle the problem and select the ideal arrangement and solution, respectively. The outcomes display the improvement of microgrid operation with the presented energy management strategy, so that cost decreased by about 48.76% and 38.6%, in the last two scenarios, respectively.
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Abbreviations
- \(A\) :
-
The surface of the turbine vane area (m2)
- \(A_{{{\text{IWT}}}}\) :
-
The surface of the IWT vane area (m2)
- \(A^{^{\prime}}\) :
-
The surface of the portable-IWT vane area (m2)
- \(A^{*}\) :
-
The surface of the portable-WT vane area (m2)
- \(E_{{{\text{LD}}}} (t)\) :
-
Electricity’s demand (kW)
- \(E_{S} (t)\) :
-
The energy of electrical storage (kWh)
- \(E_{S}^{\max }\) :
-
Electrical storage’s maximum energy (kWh)
- \(E_{S}^{\min }\) :
-
Electrical storage’s minimum energy (kWh)
- \(F_{{{\text{CHP}}}} (t)\) :
-
CHP’s aggregate cost ($)
- \(F_{{{\text{PV}}}} (t)\) :
-
PV’s aggregate cost ($)
- \(F_{{{\text{PV}}}}^{{{\text{PORT}}}} (t)\) :
-
Portable-PV’s aggregate cost ($)
- \(F_{{{\text{Boiler}}}} (t)\) :
-
Boiler’s aggregate cost ($)
- \(F_{{{\text{MT}}}} (t)\) :
-
MT’s aggregate cost ($)
- \(F_{{{\text{Wind}}}} (t)\) :
-
WT’s aggregate cost ($)
- \(F_{{{\text{IWT}}}} (t)\) :
-
IWT’s aggregate cost ($)
- \(F_{{{\text{IWT}}}}^{{{\text{PORT}}}} (t)\) :
-
Portable-IWT’s aggregate cost ($)
- \(F_{{{\text{WT}}}}^{{{\text{PORT}}}} (t)\) :
-
Portable-WT’s aggregate cost ($)
- \(F_{{{\text{ES}}}} (t)\) :
-
ES’s aggregate cost ($)
- \(F_{{{\text{TS}}}} (t)\) :
-
TS’s aggregate cost ($)
- \(F_{{{\text{Buy}}}} (t)\) :
-
Buying’s aggregate cost ($)
- \(F_{{{\text{Sell}}}} (t)\) :
-
Selling’s aggregate cost ($)
- \(F_{{\text{M-CHP}}}\) :
-
CHP’s maintenance expenditure ($)
- \(F_{{\text{OP-CHP}}}\) :
-
CHP’s operation expenditure ($/kWh)
- \(F_{{\text{OP-WT}}}\) :
-
WT’s operation expenditure ($/kWh)
- \(F_{{\text{OP-IWT}}}\) :
-
IWT’s operation expenditure ($/kWh)
- \(F_{{_{{\text{OP-IWT}}} }}^{{{\text{PORT}}}}\) :
-
Portable-IWT’s operational expenditure ($/kWh)
- \(F_{{_{{\text{OP-WT}}} }}^{{{\text{PORT}}}}\) :
-
Portable-WT’s operational expenditure ($/kWh)
- \(F_{{\text{OP-PV}}}\) :
-
PV’s operation expenditure ($/kWh)
- \(F_{{\text{OP-PV}}}^{{{\text{PORT}}}}\) :
-
Portable-PV’s operational expenditure ($/kWh)
- \(F_{{\text{CONS-WT}}}\) :
-
WT’s constant expenditure ($)
- \(F_{{\text{CONS-IWT}}}\) :
-
IWT’s constant expenditure ($)
- \(F_{{\text{CONS-IWT}}}^{{{\text{PORT}}}}\) :
-
Portable-IWT’s constant expenditure ($)
- \(F_{{\text{CONS-WT}}}^{{{\text{PORT}}}}\) :
-
Portable-WT’s constant expenditure ($)
- \(F_{{\text{CONS-PV}}}\) :
-
PV’s constant expenditure ($)
- \(F_{{\text{CONS-PV}}}^{{{\text{PORT}}}}\) :
-
Portable-PV’s constant expenditure ($)
- \(F_{{\text{M-Boiler}}}\) :
-
Boiler’s maintenance expenditure ($)
- \(F_{{\text{OP-Boiler}}}\) :
-
Boiler’s operation expenditure ($/kWh)
- \(F_{{\text{M-MT}}}\) :
-
MT’s maintenance expenditure ($)
- \(F_{{\text{OP-MT}}}\) :
-
MT’s operation expenditure ($/kWh)
- \(F_{{\text{M-ES}}}\) :
-
ES’s maintenance expenditure ($)
- \(F_{{{\text{Sell}}}}\) :
-
Selling’s expenditure ($)
- \(F_{{{\text{Buy}}}}\) :
-
Buying’s expenditure ($)
- \(F_{{\text{OP-ES}}}\) :
-
ES’s operation expenditure ($/kWh)
- \(F_{{\text{OP-TS}}}\) :
-
TS’s operation expenditure ($/kWh)
- \(F_{{\text{M-TS}}}\) :
-
TS’s maintenance expenditure ($)
- \({\text{GT}}_{{{\text{NOCT}}}}\) :
-
Solar irradiance’s in NOCT (kW/m2)
- \({\text{GT}}_{{{\text{NOCT}}}}^{^{\prime}}\) :
-
Portable-PV’s solar irradiance in NOCT (kW/m2)
- \({\text{GT}}_{{{\text{STC}}}}\) :
-
STC’s solar irradiance (kW/m2)
- \({\text{GT}}_{{{\text{STC}}}}^{^{\prime}}\) :
-
Portable-PV’s solar irradiance in STC (kW/m2)
- \(K_{p}\) :
-
IWT’s constant factor
- \(K_{p}^{^{\prime}}\) :
-
Portable-IWT’s constant factor
- \(M_{\text{Fuel}}\) :
-
Fuel’s expenditure ($)
- \({\text{NOCT}}\) :
-
Cell’s usual working temperature (°C)
- \({\text{NOCT}}^{^{\prime}}\) :
-
Portable-PV cell’s usual working temperature (°C)
- \(N_{{{\text{PVs}}}}\) :
-
PV’s module number in series form
- \(N_{{{\text{PVs}}}}^{^{\prime}}\) :
-
Portable-PV’s module number in series form
- \(N_{{{\text{PVp}}}}\) :
-
PV’s module number in parallel form
- \(N_{{{\text{PVp}}}}^{^{\prime}}\) :
-
Portable-PV’s module number in parallel form
- \({\text{POL}}_{{{\text{CHP}}}}\) :
-
Pollution of CHP (kg)
- \({\text{POL}}_{{{\text{MT}}}}\) :
-
Pollution of MT (kg)
- \({\text{POL}}_{{{\text{Boiler}}}}\) :
-
Pollution of boiler (kg)
- \({\text{POL}}_{{{\text{MG}}}}\) :
-
Pollution of the main grid (kg)
- \({\text{POL}}F_{{{\text{CHP}}}}\) :
-
CHP’s contamination factor (kg/MWh)
- \({\text{POL}}F_{{{\text{MT}}}}\) :
-
MT’s contamination factor (kg/MWh)
- \({\text{POL}}F_{{{\text{Boiler}}}}\) :
-
Boiler’s contamination factor (kg/MWh)
- \({\text{POL}}F_{{{\text{MG}}}}\) :
-
Main grid’s contamination factor (kg/MWh)
- \(P_{{{\text{MG}}}} (t)\) :
-
Main grid’s output electricity (kW)
- \(P_{{{\text{WT}}}} (t)\) :
-
The output power of the wind turbine (kW)
- \(P_{{{\text{IWT}}}} (t)\) :
-
The output power of the IWT (kW)
- \(P_{{{\text{IWT}}}}^{{{\text{PORT}}}} (t)\) :
-
The output power of the Portable-IWT (kW)
- \(P_{{{\text{Battery}}}}^{{{\text{PORT}}}} (t)\) :
-
The output power of the PRER’s battery (kW)
- \(P_{{{\text{WT}}}}^{{{\text{PORT}}}} (t)\) :
-
The output power of the Portable-WT (kW)
- \(P_{{{\text{PV}}}} (t)\) :
-
The output power of the PV (kW)
- \(P_{{{\text{PV}}}}^{{{\text{PORT}}}} (t)\) :
-
The output power of the Portable-PV (kW)
- \(P_{{{\text{CHP}}}} (t)\) :
-
The output power of the CHP (kW)
- \(P_{{{\text{MT}}}} (t)\) :
-
The output power of the MT (kW)
- \(P_{{{\text{Boiler}}}} (t)\) :
-
The output power of the Boiler (kWheat)
- \(P_{{{\text{Buy}}}} (t)\) :
-
The power to buy (kW)
- \(P_{{{\text{Sell}}}} (t)\) :
-
The power to sell (kW)
- \(P_{{{\text{ES}}}} (t)\) :
-
The output power of the ES (kW)
- \(P_{{{\text{TS}}}} (t)\) :
-
The output power of the TS (kWheat)
- \(P_{{\text{E-dech}}}^{\max }\) :
-
The maximum rate of ES discharge
- \(P_{{\text{E-ch}}}^{\max }\) :
-
The maximum rate of ES charge
- \(P_{{\text{T-dech}}}^{\max }\) :
-
The maximum rate of TS discharge
- \(P_{{\text{T-ch}}}^{\max }\) :
-
The maximum rate of TS charge
- \(P_{{{\text{MT}}}}^{\max }\) :
-
MT’s maximum capacity (kW)
- \(P_{{{\text{Boiler}}}}^{\max }\) :
-
Boiler’s maximum capacity (kWheat)
- \(P_{{{\text{CHP}}}}^{\max }\) :
-
CHP’s maximum capacity (kW)
- \(P_{{{\text{Line}}\,{1}}}\) :
-
Limitation of the transmission line (1) exchangeable power (kW)
- \(P_{{{\text{Line}}\,{2}}}\) :
-
Limitation of the transmission line (2) exchangeable power (kW)
- \(P_{{{\text{PV,}}\,{\text{STC}}}}\) :
-
The maximum ratio of STC’s test output power (kW)
- \(P_{{{\text{PV,}}\,{\text{STC}}}}^{^{\prime}}\) :
-
The maximum ratio of STC’s test output power of portable-PV
- \(R_{m} (t)\) :
-
Reserve margin at the time interval (t)
- \(R_{m}^{\max } (t)\) :
-
The maximum limitation of reserve margin at the time interval (t)
- \(R_{m}^{\min } (t)\) :
-
Minimum limitation of reserve margin at the time interval (t)
- \({\text{REV}}(t)\) :
-
Revenue by portable-RER ($)
- \({\text{REV}}^{*} (t)\) :
-
Revenue by portable-WT and PV ($)
- \(R_{{{\text{PRER}}}}\) :
-
Revenue by PRER ($/kWh)
- \(S_{R}\) :
-
Velocity amplification ratio
- \(S_{R}^{^{\prime}}\) :
-
Velocity amplification ratio for Portable-IWT
- t :
-
Time (h)
- \(T_{j} (t)\) :
-
PV’s temperature of cells (°C)
- \(T_{j}^{^{\prime}} (t)\) :
-
Portable-PV’s temperature of cells (°C)
- \({\text{TC}}({\text{Cost}})\) :
-
The microgrid’s all-out expenditure ($)
- \({\text{TP}}({\text{Emission}})\) :
-
The microgrid’s all-out pollution (kg)
- \({\text{TE}}_{s} (t)\) :
-
The energy of TS (kWheat)
- \(T_{{{\text{LD}}}} (t)\) :
-
The demand for thermal’s load (kWheat)
- \({\text{TE}}_{s}^{\max }\) :
-
The maximum energy of TS (kWheat)
- \({\text{TE}}_{s}^{\min }\) :
-
The minimum energy of TS (kWheat)
- \({\text{TF}}_{{{\text{CHP}}}}\) :
-
Conversion coefficient of CHP
- \(T_{{{\text{amp}}}}\) :
-
Ambiance temperature (°C)
- \(T_{{{\text{amp}}}}^{^{\prime}}\) :
-
Portable-PV’s ambiance temperature (°C)
- \(T_{{{\text{jstc}}}}\) :
-
PV’s reference temperature of cells (°C)
- \(T_{{{\text{jstc}}}}^{^{\prime}}\) :
-
Portable-PV’s reference temperature of cells (°C)
- \(V_{t}\) :
-
Wind pace (m/s)
- \(V^{nom}\) :
-
Nominal wind pace (m/s)
- \(V^{{\text{nom-IWT}}}\) :
-
IWT’s nominal wind pace (m/s)
- \(V^{{{\text{nom}}{^{\prime}} }}\) :
-
Portable-IWT’s nominal wind pace (m/s)
- \(V^{{{\text{nom}}}^{*}}\) :
-
Portable-WT’s nominal wind pace (m/s)
- \(V^{{\text{cut-in}}}\) :
-
Minimum wind pace (m/s)
- \(V^{{\text{cut-in*}}}\) :
-
Portable-WT’s minimum wind pace (m/s)
- \(V^{{{\text{cut-in}}^{{{\text{IWT}}}} }}\) :
-
IWT’s minimum wind pace (m/s)
- \(V^{{\text{cut-in}}^{\prime}}\) :
-
Portable-IWT’s minimum wind pace (m/s)
- \(V^{{\text{cut-out}}}\) :
-
Maximum wind pace (m/s)
- \(V^{{{\text{cut-out}}^{{{\text{IWT}}}} }}\) :
-
IWT’s maximum wind pace (m/s)
- \(V^{{{\text{cut-out}}^{\prime}}}\) :
-
Portable-IWT’s maximum wind pace (m/s)
- \(V^{{{\text{cut-out}}^{*} }}\) :
-
Portable-WT’s maximum wind pace (m/s)
- \(\eta_{{{\text{CHP}}}}\) :
-
The efficiency factor of CHP
- \(\eta_{{{\text{Boiler}}}}\) :
-
The efficiency factor of Boiler
- \(\eta_{{{\text{MT}}}}\) :
-
The efficiency factor of MT
- \(\eta_{C}^{E}\) :
-
The charge efficiency factor of ES
- \(\eta_{D}^{E}\) :
-
The discharge efficiency factor of ES
- \(\eta_{C}^{T}\) :
-
The charge efficiency factor of TS
- \(\eta_{D}^{T}\) :
-
The discharge efficiency factor of TS
- \(\eta^{\omega }\) :
-
The efficiency factor of WT
- \(\eta^{{\omega {\text{-IWT}}}}\) :
-
The efficiency factor of IWT
- \(\eta^{{\omega^{^{\prime}} }}\) :
-
The efficiency factor of Portable-IWT
- \(\eta^{{\omega^{*} }}\) :
-
The efficiency factor of Portable-WT
- \(\rho\) :
-
Air agglomeration (kg/m3)
- \(\rho_{IWT}\) :
-
IWT’s air agglomeration (kg/m2 m3)
- \(\rho^{^{\prime}}\) :
-
Portable-IWT’s air agglomeration (kg/m2 m3)
- \(\rho^{*}\) :
-
Portable-WT’s air agglomeration (kg/m2 m3)
- \(\gamma\) :
-
The conversion factor of PV
- \(\gamma^{^{\prime}}\) :
-
The conversion factor of portable-PV
- \(\theta\) :
-
nTime interval
- CHP:
-
Combined heat and power
- DG:
-
Distributed generation
- DER:
-
Distributed energy resources
- EPC:
-
Epsilon-constraints
- ES:
-
Electrical storage
- EMS:
-
Energy management system
- ESS:
-
Energy storage system
- GHG:
-
Green house gas
- IWT:
-
INVELOX wind turbine
- MT:
-
Micro-turbine
- MINLP:
-
Mixed-integer non-linear programming
- MILP:
-
Mixed-integer linear programming
- MG:
-
Main grid
- PV:
-
Photovoltaic
- PIWT:
-
Portable INVELOX wind turbine
- PRER:
-
Portable renewable energy resource
- PORT:
-
Portable
- RER:
-
Renewable energy resources
- TS:
-
Thermal storage
- UC:
-
Unit commitment
- WT:
-
Wind turbine
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Shaterabadi, M., Jirdehi, M.A. Smart scheduling of transmission line switching: optimization of multi-objective microgrid’s day-ahead energy scheduling with considering high penetration of green energies and INVELOX. Electr Eng 103, 1753–1767 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00202-020-01193-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00202-020-01193-2