Abstract
The Lagrangian-particles simulation in the Lofoten Basin area in the Norwegian Sea, based on the GLORYS12V1 reanalysis for the period from 2016-05-31 to 2016-06-28, was used to track the vortex pair consisting of the large quasi-permanent Lofoten Vortex (LV) and a cyclone generated nearby the LV. We show that the cyclone is a part of a shield around the LV. The core of the cyclone is partly located inside the LV. This structure forms an uneven vortex pair. We provide a complementary analysis of Lagrangian maps with temperature, salinity, and relative vorticity at 75 horizons from the surface to the bottom, consider the evolution of the vortex pair and obtain its characteristics. The cyclone moves around the LV passing along its periphery 348.97 km with a speed of 14 cm/s, which is comparable 23 cm/s, the orbital velocity of the LV during the study period. The orbital velocity of the satellite cyclone is 15 cm/s. The mean amplitude of the LV in the period from 2016-05-31 to 2016-06-28 is 12.50 cm, and the mean amplitude of the satellite cyclone for the same period is − 2.92 cm. The average radius of the LV is 57.48 km and 13.42 km for its satellite cyclone. The orbital velocities of the LV and its satellite cyclone (with their mean values of amplitude and radii) are 0.23 m/s and 0.15 m/s, respectively. The average integral (in a volume) relative vorticity of the eddies in the vortex pair is − 1.41 × 1018 c−1 for the LV and 3.19 × 109 c−1 for the satellite cyclone.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bashmachnikov, I. L., Belonenko, T. V., & Kuibin, P. A. (2017a). The application of the theory of the columnar Q-vortex with helical structure to the description of the dynamic characteristics of the Lofoten vortex of the Norwegian sea. Vestn St Petersburg Un-ta Ser.7 (in Russian), 62(3), 221–336. https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu07.2017.301.
Bashmachnikov, I. L., Belonenko, T. V., Kuibin, P. A., Volkov, D. L., & Foux, V. (2018). Pattern of vertical velocity in the Lofoten vortex (the Norwegian Sea). Ocean Dynamics, 68(12), 1711–1725. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-018-1213-1.
Bashmachnikov, I. L., Sokolovskiy, M. A., Belonenko, T. V., Volkov, D. L., Isachsen, P. E., & Carton, X. (2017b). On the vertical structure and stability of the Lofoten vortex in the Norwegian Sea. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 128, 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2017.08.001.
Belonenko, T. V., Bashmachnikov, I. L., Koldunov, A. V., & Kuibin, P. A. (2017). On the vertical velocity component in the mesoscale Lofoten vortex of the norwegian sea. Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 53(6), 641–649. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0001433817060032.
Belonenko, T. V., Koldunov, A. V., Sentyabov, E. V., & Karsakov, A. L. (2018). Thermohaline structure of the Lofoten vortex in the Norwegian sea based on field research and hydrodynamic modeling. Vestn S. Petersbur. Un-ta, Earth sciences (in Russian), 63(4), 502–519. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu07.2018.406.
Belonenko, T. V., Volkov, D. L., Ozhigin, V. K., & Norden, Yu, E. (2014). Circulation of waters in the Lofoten Basin of the Norwegian Sea. Vestn S. Petersbur. Un-ta (in Russian), 7(2), 108–121.
Belonenko, T. V., Zinchenko, V. A., Gordeeva, S. M., & Raj, R. P. (2020). Evaluation of Heat and Salt Transports by Mesoscale Eddies in the Lofoten Basin. Russian Journal of Earth Science, 20, ES6011. https://doi.org/10.2205/2020es000720.
Bosse, A., & Fer, I. (2018). Hydrography of the Nordic Seas. 2000–2017: A merged product. https://doi.org/10.21335/NMDC-1131411242.
Bosse, A., & Fer, I. (2019). Sea glider missions in the Norwegian Sea during the PROVOLO project. https://doi.org/10.21335/NMDC-980686647.
Bosse, A., Fer, I., Lilly, J., & Søiland, H. (2019). Dynamical controls on the longevity of a non-linear vortex: The case of the Lofoten Basin Eddy. Scientific Reports, 9, 13448. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-49599-8.
Carton, X. (2001). Hydrodynamical modeling of oceanic vortices. Surveys In Geophysics, 22, 179–263.
Chelton, D. B., Schlax, M. G., & Samelson, R. M. (2011). Global observations of nonlinear mesoscale eddies. Progress in Oceanography, 91, 167–216.
Faghmous, J. H., Frenger, I., Yao, Y., Warmka, R., Lindell, A., & Kumar, V. (2015). A daily global mesoscale ocean eddy dataset from satellite altimetry. Scientific Data, 2, 150028. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2015.28.
Fedorov, A. M., Bashmachnikov, I. L., & Belonenko, T. V. (2018). Localization of areas of deep convection in the Nordic seas, the Labrador Sea and the Irminger Sea. Vestn S. Petersbur. Un-ta, Earth sciences (in Russian), 63(3), 345–362. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu07.2018.306.
Fedorov, A. M., Bashmachnikov, I. L., & Belonenko, T. V. (2019). Winter convection in the Lofoten Basin according to ARGO buoys and hydrodynamic modeling. Vestn S. Petersbur. Un-ta, Earth sciences (in Russian), 4(3), 491–511. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu07.2019.308.
Fedorov, A. M., & Belonenko, T. V. (2020). Interaction of mesoscale vortices in the Lofoten basin based on the GLORYS database. Russian Journal of Earth Sciences, 20(2), ES2002. https://doi.org/10.2205/2020es000694.
Fer, I., & Bosse, A. (2017). Seaglider missions in the Lofoten Basin of the Norwegian Sea, 2012–2015 (Tech. rep.). Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen (Norway). https://doi.org/10.21335/NMDC-UIB.2017-00018.
Flierl, G. R. (1984). The emergence of dipoles from instabilities on the f and beta planes. In Summer Study Program in Geophysical Fluid Dynamics. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Tech. Rep. WHOI-84–44 (pp. 104–110).
Flierl, G. R., Larichev, V. D., McWilliams, J. C., & Reznik, G. M. (1980). The dynamics of baroclinic and barotropic solitary eddies. Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans, 5, 1–41.
Flierl, G. R., Stern, M. E., & Whitehead, J. A. (1983). The physical significance of modons: Laboratory experiments and general integral constraints. Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans, 7, 233–263.
Gordeeva, S., Zinchenko, V., Koldunov, A., Raj, R. P., & Belonenko, T. (2020). Statistical analysis of long-lived mesoscale eddies in the Lofoten Basin from satellite altimetry. Advances in Space Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2020.05.043.
Isachsen, P. E., Koszalka, I., & LaCasce, J. H. (2012). Observed and modeled surface eddy heat fluxes in the eastern Nordic Seas. Journal of Geophysical Research, 117, C08020. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JC007935.
Kennelly, M. A., Evans, R. H., & Joyce, T. M. (1985). Small-scale cyclones on the periphery of a gulf stream warm-core ring. Journal of Geophysical Research, 90(C5), 8845–8857.
Koldunov, A. V., & Belonenko, T. V. (2020). Hydrodynamic modeling of vertical velocities in the Lofoten Vortex. Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 56(5), 502–511. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0001433820040040.
Naumov, L., Gordeeva, S. M., & Belonenko, T. V. (2019). Quality assessment of a satellite altimetry data product DT18 in the Norwegian Sea: A comparison to tide gauge records and drifters data. Advances in Space Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2019.09.029.
Ponomarev, V. I., Fayman, P. A., Prants, S. V., Budyansky, M. V., & Uleysky, M Yu. (2018). Simulation of mesoscale circulation in the Tatar Strait of the Japan Sea. Ocean Modelling, 126, 43–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2018.04.006.
Prants, S. V. (2015). Backward-in-time methods to simulate chaotic transport and mixing in the ocean. Physica Scripta. https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/90/7/074054.
Prants, S. V., Uleysky, M. Y., & Budyansky, M. V. (2017). Lagrangian Oceanography: Large-scale Transport and Mixing in the Ocean. Physics of Earth and Space Environments. Springer-Verlag: Berlin, Germany.
Prants, S. V., Budyansky, M. V., & Uleysky, M. Y. (2018). How eddies gain, retain, and release water: A case study of a Hokkaido anticyclone. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 123, 2081–2096. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC013610.
Raj, R. P., Chafik, L., Nilsen, J. E. Ø., Eldevik, T., & Halo, I. (2015). The Lofoten vortex of the Nordic Seas. Deep Sea Research, Part I, 96, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2014.10.011.
Raj, R. P., & Halo, I. (2016). Monitoring the mesoscale eddies of the Lofoten Basin: Importance, progress, and challenges. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 37(16), 3712–3728. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2016.1201234.
Raj, R. P., Halo, I., Chatterjee, S., Belonenko, T., Bakhoday-Paskyabi, M., Bashmachnikov, I., et al. (2020). Interaction between mesoscale eddies and the gyre circulation in the Lofoten Basin. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 125(7), e2020JC016102. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020jc016102.
Raj, R. P., Johannessen, J. A., Eldevik, T., Nilsen, J. E., & Halo, I. (2016). Quantifying mesoscale eddies in the Lofoten Basin. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 121, 4503–4521. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC011637.
Swenson, M. (1987). Instability of equivalent-barotropic riders. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 17, 492–506.
Travkin, V. S., & Belonenko, T. V. (2019). Seasonal variability of mesoscale eddies of the Lofoten Basin using satellite and model data. Russian Journal of Earth Sciences, 19(5), ES5004. https://doi.org/10.2205/2019es000676.
Travkin, V. S., & Belonenko, T. V. (2020). Mixed layer depth in winter convection in the Lofoten Basin in the Norwegian Sea and assessment methods. Gidrometeorologiya i Ekologiya. Hydrometeorology and Ecology (Proceedings of the Russian State Hydrometeorological University) (in Russian), 59, 67–83. https://doi.org/10.33933/2074-2762-2020-59-67-83.
Volkov, D. L., Belonenko, T. V., & Foux, V. R. (2013). Puzzling over the dynamics of the Lofoten Basin—A sub-Arctic hot spot of ocean variability. Geophysical Research Letters, 40(4), 738–743. https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50126.
Volkov, D. L., Kubryakov, A. A., & Lumpkin, R. (2015). Formation and variability of the Lofoten basin vortex in a high-resolution ocean model. Deep-Sea Research I, 105, 142–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2015.09.001.
Yu, L.-S., Bosse, A., Fer, I., Orvik, K. A., Bruvik, E. M., Hessevik, I., et al. (2017). The Lofoten Basin eddy: Three years of evolution as observed by Seagliders. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 122, 6814–6834. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC012982.
Zinchenko, V. A., Gordeeva, S. M., Sobko, Yu, V, & Belonenko, T. V. (2019). Analysis of Mesoscale eddies in the Lofoten Basin based on satellite altimetry. Fundamentalnaya i Prikladnaya Gidrofzika, 12(3), 46–54. https://doi.org/10.7868/S2073667319030067.
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the support of the Russian Science Foundation (RSF, Project no. 18-17-00027). We thank Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service for providing GLORYS12V1 product as well as Aviso User Service for “Mesoscale Eddy Trajectory Atlas Product”. The work of MVB, SVP, and MYuU on Lagrangian simulation was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR, Project no. 20-05-00124 A).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Belonenko, T.V., Zinchenko, V.A., Fedorov, A.M. et al. Interaction of the Lofoten Vortex with a Satellite Cyclone. Pure Appl. Geophys. 178, 287–300 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-020-02647-1
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-020-02647-1