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Geology and genesis of the Shalipayco evaporite-related Mississippi Valley-type Zn–Pb deposit, Central Peru: 3D geological modeling and C–O–S–Sr isotope constraints

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Abstract

The Shalipayco Zn–Pb deposit, in central Peru, is composed of several stratabound orebodies, the largest of which are the Resurgidora and Intermedios, contained in carbonate rocks of the Upper Triassic Chambará Formation, Pucará group. Petrography suggests that a single ore-forming episode formed sphalerite and galena within vugs, open spaces, and fractures. Three-dimensional (3D) geological modeling has allowed division of the Chambará Formation into four members (Chambará I, II, III, and IV) that better define lithological controls on sulfide formation. Diagenetic replacement of evaporite minerals with the organic matter (OM) presence likely generated secondary porosity and H2S accumulation by bacterial sulfate reduction (BSR), providing ground preparation for the later Zn–Pb mineralizing event. The least-altered host rocks have C–O isotope compositions of 1.8 ± 0.1‰ (VPDB) and 29.9 ± 2.1‰ (VSMOW), respectively, within the Triassic marine carbonate ranges. Early dolomite contains lighter C–O composition (1.1 ± 0.9 and 23.8 ± 2.9‰, respectively) consistent with OM decomposition during burial diagenesis. Post-mineralization calcite has still lighter C–O composition (− 5.1 and 13.3‰, respectively), suggesting meteoric water that had migrated through organic-rich strata. The strontium isotopes of Mitu group basalts (0.709654–0.719669) indicate it as a possible, but not the unique source of strontium and probably of other metals. Highly negative sulfide sulfur isotope values (− 23.3 to − 6.2‰ (VCDT)) indicate a major component of the ore sulfur derived ultimately from BSR. However, multiple lines of evidence suggest that preexisting H2S underwent thermochemical redox cycling prior to ore formation. The influx of hot metalliferous brines to dolomitized zones containing trapped H2S is the preferred model for ore deposition at Shalipayco.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank all field geologists, including Daniel Hinostroza and Nancy Tuanama for discussions during fieldwork, and Pan American Silver and Nexa Resources for the use of data. We wish also to thank Jim Reynolds for discussions about fluid inclusions and Cayce Gulbransen, for assistance during S isotope analysis. We also would like to thank Editor-in-Chief Georges Beaudoin, Associate Editor Karen Kelly, Richard Moscati, Janet Slate, and the anonymous reviewer for their careful reading of our manuscript and their suggestions and comments, which surely improved the quality of the paper. This paper is part of the first author’s Ph.D. thesis (Instituto de Geociências, Universidade de São Paulo) part of this work was conducted during a visiting scholar period at Colorado School of Mines, sponsored by the Capes Foundation within the Ministério da Educação, Brazil (process 88881.135448/2016-01), that the authors would like to thank. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US Government.

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  1. Instituto de Geociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-080, Brazil

    Saulo B. de Oliveira, Caetano Juliani, Lena V. S. Monteiro & Marianna G. N. Caran

  2. US Geological Survey, MS 963, P.O. Box 25046, Denver, CO, 80225, USA

    Craig A. Johnson

  3. Center for Mineral Resources Science, Department of Geology and Geological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, 80401, USA

    David L. Leach

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de Oliveira, S.B., Johnson, C.A., Juliani, C. et al. Geology and genesis of the Shalipayco evaporite-related Mississippi Valley-type Zn–Pb deposit, Central Peru: 3D geological modeling and C–O–S–Sr isotope constraints. Miner Deposita 56, 1543–1562 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-020-01029-w

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