Abstract
In this study, 10 different types of walls were made by fiber reinforced self-compacting concrete. The concrete walls were reinforced with steel and nylon fibers. The results of rheological tests showed that the steel and nylon fibers have a negative effect on flowability of self-compacting concrete, which the negative effect of steel fibers was more significant in this regard. On the other hand, the results of mechanical tests indicated that the steel fibers have a slight effect on the compressive strength and considerable effect on tensile and flexural strength, whereas, nylon fibers have no significant effect in these cases. In this study, two methods, including uniform distribution and targeted distribution of fibers, were used to reinforce the concrete walls. In the uniform distribution method, all the used fibers were uniformly distributed in the wall, while in the targeted distribution method the used fibers were distributed in the wall, with a more volume of fibers in the surrounding layers and a fewer volume of fibers in the middle layer of the wall. The concrete walls were tested by bullet fire. The results of this test showed that steel fibers could significantly decrease the penetration depth of bullet in concrete walls, while nylon fibers had a much lower effect. By comparing the penetration depth of the bullet in the walls, it was observed that the targeted distribution of fibers was effective to decrease the penetration depth of the bullet.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aghaee MA, Yazdi D, Tsavdaridis KD (2014) Investigation into the mechanical properties of structural lightweight concrete reinforced with waste steel wires. Magazine of Concrete Research 67:197–205, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.14.00232
Ali M, Liu A, Sou H, Chouw N (2012) Mechanical and dynamic properties of coconut fibre reinforced concrete. Construction and Building Materials 30:814–825, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.12.068
Aslani MF, Nejadi S (2013) Self-compacting concrete incorporating steel and polypropylene fibers: Compressive and tensile strengths, moduli of elasticity and rupture, compressive stress-strain curve, and energy dissipated under compression. Composites Part B: Engineering 53:121–133, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.04.044
ASTM C39 (2003) Standard test method for compressive strength of cylindrical concrete specimens. ASTM C39, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA
ASTM C150 (2012) Standard specification for portland cement. ASTM C150, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA
ASTM C496 (1994) Standard test method for splitting tensile strength of cylindrical concrete specimens. ASTM C496, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA
ASTM C642 (2013) Standard test method for density, absorption, and voids in hardened concrete. ASTM C642, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA
ASTM C1609/C1609M-19 (2019) Standard test method for flexural performance of fiber-reinforced concrete (using beam with third-point loading). ASTM C1609/C1609M-19, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA
Bindiganavile V, Banthia N (2001) Polymer and steel fiber-reinforced cementitios composites under impact loading. Part 2: Flexural toughness. ACI Materials Journal 98(1): 17–24
Cuenca E, Ferrara L (2017) Self-healing capacity of fiber reinforced cementitious composites, state of the art and perspectives. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 21:2777–2789, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-017-0939-5
Dancygier AN, Yankelevsky DZ, Jaegermann C (2007) Response of high performance concrete plates to impact of non-deforming projectiles. International Journal of Impact Engineering 34:1768–1779, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2006.09.094
Demirboga R, Turkmen I, Karako MB (2004) Relationship between ultrasonic velocity and compressive strength for high-volume mineral-admixtured concrete. Cement and Concrete Research 34:2329–2336, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.04.017
Deng Z, Li J (2005) Tension and impact behaviors of new type fiber reinforced concrete. Computers and Concrete 4(1):19–32, DOI: https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2007.4.1.019
Ghasemi Naghibdehi M, Sharbatdar MK, Mastali M (2014) Repairing reinforced concrete slabs using composite layers. Materials and Design 58:136–144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.02.015
Hwang CL, Anh Tuan BL, Chen CT (2011) Effect of rice husk ash on the strength and durability characteristics of concrete. Construction and Building Materials 25:3768–3772, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.04.009
Iqbal S, Ali A, Holschemacher K, Bier TA (2015) Mechanical properties of steel fiber reinforced high strength lightweight self-compacting concrete (SHLSCC). Construction and Building Materials 98:325–333, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.08.112
Khaloo A, Esrafili A, Kalani M, Mobini MH (2015) Use of polymer fibres recovered from waste car timing belts in high performance concrete. Construction and Building Materials 80:31–37, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.01.011
Khaloo A, Molaei Raisi E, Hosseini P, Tahsiri H (2014) Mechanical performance of self-compacting concrete reinforced with steel fibers. Construction and Building Materials 51:179–186, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.10.054
Khan M, Ali M (2016) Use of glass and nylon fibers in concrete for controlling early age micro cracking in bridge decks. Construction and Building Materials 125:800–808, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.08.111
Khan M, Ali M (2018) Effectiveness of hair and wave polypropylene fibers for concrete roads. Construction and Building Materials 166:581–591, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.01.167
Khan U, Khan RA, Pandey NK, Tyagi A (2019) Fresh and hardened properties of hybrid fibre reinforced self consolidating concrete containing basalt and polypropylene fibres. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering 8(2):3356–3361, DOI: https://doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.B2850.078219
Máca P, Sovják R, Konvalinka P (2014) Mix design of UHPFRC and its response to projectile impact. International Journal of ImpactEngineering 63:158–163, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2013.08.003
Mastali M, Dalvand A (2016) Use of silica fume and recycled steel fibers in self-compacting concrete. Construction and Building Materials 125:196–209, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.08.046
Mastali M, Dalvand A, Sattarifard AR (2017) The impact resistance and mechanical properties of the reinforced self-compacting concrete incorporating recycle CFRP fiber with different and dosages. Composite Part B 112:74–92, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.12.029
Mastali M, Ghasemi Naghibdehi M, Naghipour M, Rabiee SM (2015a) Experimental assessment of functionally graded reinforced concrete (FGRC) slabs under drop weight and projectile impacts. Construction and Building Materials 95:296–311, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.07.153
Mastali M, Valente IB, Barros AO, Delfina MF (2015b) Development of innovative hybrid sandwich panel slabs: Experimental results. Composite Structures 133:476–498, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct2015.07.114
Nagataki S, Fujiwara H (1995) Self-compacting property of highly-flowable concrete. American Concrete Institute 154:301–314
Nili M, Afroughsabet V (2010) Combined effect of silica fume and steel fibers on the impact resistance and mechanical properties of concrete. International Journal of Impact Engineering 37:879–886, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2010.03.004
Prassianakis IN, Giokas P (2003) Mechanical properties of old concrete using destructive and ultrasonic non-destructive testing methods. Magazine of Concrete Research 55:171–176, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.2003.55.2.171
Quek ST, Lin VWJ, Maalej M (2010) Development offonctionally-graded cementitious panel against high-velocity small projectile impact. International Journal of Impact Engineering 37:928–941, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2010.02.002
Ramakrishna G, Sundararajan T (2005) Impact strength of a few natural fibre reinforced cement mortar slabs: A comparative study. Cement & Concrete Composites 27:547–553, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2004.09.006
Richard P, Cheyrezy MH (1995) Composition of reactive powder concrete. Cement and Concrete Research 25:1501–1511, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(95)00144-2
Sahmaran M, Christianto HA, Yaman IO (2006) The effect of chemical admixtures and mineral additives on the properties of self-compacting mortars. Cement and Concrete Composites 28:432–440, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2005.12.003
Sahraei Moghadam A, Omidinasab F (2020) Assessment of hybrid FRSC cementitious composite with emphasis on flexural performance of functionally graded slabs. Construction and Building Materials 250:118904, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118904
Sahraei Moghadam A, Omidinasab F, Dalvand A (2020) Experimental investigation of (FRSC) cementitious composite functionally graded slabs under projectile and drop weight impacts. Construction and Building Materials 237:117522, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117522
Song PS, Hwang S, Sheu BC (2005) Strength properties of nylon-and polypropylene-fiber-reinforced concretes. Cement and Concrete Research 35(8):1546–1550, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.06.033
Soroushian P, Khan A, Hsu J (1992) Mechanical properties of concrete materials reinforced with polypropylene or polyethylene fibers. ACI Materials Journal 89(6):535–540
Wild S, Sabir BB, Khatib JM (1995) Factors influencing strength development of concrete containing silica fume. Cement and Concrete Research 7:1567–1580, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(95)00150-B
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Omidinasab, F., Moghadam, A.S. Effect of Purposive Distribution of Fibers to Prevent the Penetration of Bullet in Concrete Walls. KSCE J Civ Eng 25, 843–853 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-021-2016-3
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-021-2016-3