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Growth and saxitoxin production responses to copper (CuCl2) exposure by the cyanobacterium Raphidiopsis raciborskii

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Abstract

Copper (Cu2+) is an essential micronutrient for cyanobacteria, but it has a toxic effect above a certain threshold. The presence of Cu2+ in water is usually related to human activity due to it being used in pesticides, fertilizer, and algaecides. Previous studies observed that high Cu2+ concentrations stimulated toxin synthesis in cyanobacteria and microalgae. Furthermore, saxitoxins (STXs) can bind to Cu2+ transporters in microorganisms, decreasing the Cu2+ uptake and consequently reducing Cu toxicity. Therefore, considering the invasive capacity of the cyanobacterium Raphidiopsis raciborskii and its potential for STXs production, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of different Cu2+ concentrations in the production of STXs and growth of R. raciborskii. In acclimatized growth conditions, cultures of R. raciborskii strain (ITUC01) were exposed to four different copper concentrations for 20 days (0.8, 8, 80, and 800 × 10−3 μmol L−1 of CuCl2). Raphidiopsis raciborskii growth and physiological responses were evaluated measuring the cell concentration, cell volume, biovolume, chlorophyll a levels, and STXs concentration. Comparing the lowest and highest Cu2+ concentration (0.8 and 800 × 10−3 μmol L−1), it was observed that the increment of Cu2+ in the medium led to a reduced maximum growth rate (μmax), cell concentration, biovolume, and chlorophyll a levels, while the cell volume increased. Despite the low cell concentration and biovolume in the highest Cu2+ condition, it was observed that the STXs volumetric concentration was significantly high on day 5, which is indicative of the fact that increased Cu2+ concentration might induce STXs production in early growth. In addition, our results revealed that STXs production was uncoupled with growth and a reduction of R. raciborskii toxicity from day 5 to 20 was observed. Therefore, the present study identified some of the survival responses of R. raciborskii in Cu-stressed condition and suggested that Cu2+ might be one of the factors that can affect R. raciborskii bloom toxicity.

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Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the technicians and graduate students from the Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation for the technical support and discussions.

Funding

This work was supported by FAPESP (São Paulo Research Foundation) (grant 2008/55636-9) and CNPq (National Council for Scientific and Technological Development) (grant 131178/2012-1).

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  1. Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Avenida São Carlense 400, São Carlos, SP, 13566-590, Brazil

    Lais Albuquerque Giraldi, Sarah Regina Vargas, Paulo Vagner Santos & Maria do Carmo Calijuri

  2. Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil

    Lais Albuquerque Giraldi & Flavia Vischi Winck

  3. Department of Botany, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil

    Alessandra Emanuele Tonietto

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Giraldi, L.A., Vargas, S.R., Santos, P.V. et al. Growth and saxitoxin production responses to copper (CuCl2) exposure by the cyanobacterium Raphidiopsis raciborskii. J Appl Phycol 33, 891–900 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-020-02324-9

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