Abstract
Biomaterials—or substances designed to interact with living tissues without stimulating an immune response—gather tissue culture technologies and regeneration research together. In doing so, these man-made materials tether the technological capacity to manipulate and modify living matter outside of bodies to the longstanding ambition in biology to comprehend, and possibly conduct, the physiological capacity of some organisms to repair or to restore themselves following injury or disease. Drawing upon participant-observation with life and material scientists in Dresden, Germany, this article presents a case of an ongoing collaboration between a neuro-regeneration laboratory researching Alzheimer’s disease and a biomaterials institute fabricating novel materials for tissue engineering. Their efforts illustrate how the current incorporation of biomaterials into experimentation on the biology of regeneration is reconfiguring previously established relations among life forms: relations within, between, and beyond the bodily bounds of organisms. In attending to the new relationships being forged between the biological and chemical sciences, their technologies for manipulating living matter, and their evolving conceptions of life, I argue for an anthropological approach to life and science inter vivos—one conceived in the relations between laboratories, disciplines, and experimental forms of both embodied and disembodied life.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
Originally published in French in 1865, from Claude Bernard’s An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine (1927, p. 18).
For a philosophical history of regeneration research as an intimate aspect of 19th century German embryology, see Lenoir (2011). For an anthropological account of the emergence of adult neurogenesis—the regenerative neuroplasticity of human brains—as a scientific fact, see Rees (2017, 2010). On the emergence of the field of adult cerebral plasticity and its relationship to promissory therapeutics like the regenerative medicine I engage here, see Rubin (2009). On the history of the modern biological concept of regeneration shifting relative to notions of species, generation, and reproduction, see Müller-Wille and Rheinberger (2013, pp. 34–35) and Jacob (1998, pp. 67–74).
See, on these various forms of models, modeling, and modelers in the life, natural, and human sciences, Hesse (1970), Haraway (1997), Lévi-Strauss (1966, 1983), Canguilhem (1963), Gell (1992), Morgan and Morrison (1999), Fox-Keller (2002), Rheinberger (2010), Deleuze and Guattari (1994), Dumit (2016), Myers (2015), Rose and Abi-Rached (2013), Kelty (2012). On particular model organisms and animal models in the life sciences, see De Chadarevian (1998), Leonelli and Ankeny (2013), Ankeny and Leonelli (2011), De Chadarevian and Hopwood (2004), Creager (2002), Rader (2004), Haraway (1997), Jacob (1998), Kohler (1994).
See Foucault (1994) on the inauguration of ‘life itself’ as object and category vis-à-vis the emergence of biology in the nineteenth century. See also Rose (2007) for a sustained engagement with the intersection of ‘life itself,’ subjectivity, and neurological and cognitive sciences as well as Franklin (Franklin 2012) for ‘life itself,’ (human) nature, and genetics.
The designation refers to the fact that the area around Dresden did not, like the rest of the former East, receive any (illegal but available) Western television programming.
When the institute was founded in 1921 as part of the Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft (KWG), the biochemist Max Bergmann was its director. When Carsten Werner re-established his own Institute of Biofunctional Polymers within the IPF as the Max Bergmann Center for Biomaterials in 2002, he made several research trips to the Rockefeller Foundation Archives in New York. The Rockefeller Institute had facilitated Bergmann’s escape from National Socialism. Upon meeting Carsten and learning that an institute in Dresden would be named after her husband, Bergmann’s widow gifted Bergmann’s desk—a Bauhaus style beauty—to Carsten, at which he sits each day.
Clean, meaning, had not really been a party member.
(derived, in their case, from pig intestines).
In “The Living and Its Milieu,” Canguilhem et al. (2008) articulates an orientation to living beings that seriously asserts that “it is characteristic of the living that it makes its milieu for itself, that it composes its milieu” (111). Thinking with Canguilhem oriented me to the uniqueness of the insight that anchors, in part, Carsten’s group’s approach to the material science of cell biology: their attention to ECM takes seriously the ways cells compose their milieu out of themselves. Viewed as being both the living and milieu, cells and cultures epitomize what I’m calling life in the relation or inter vivos.
With the exception of Gregor Mendel, who was ignored.
On “discourse of gene action” and its transformation in molecular biology, as well as introduction of cybernetic thought into biology, see Fox Keller (1995, 2002). For elaboration of informational semiotics and its introduction in biological discourse vis-à-vis Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod, see Rheinberger (2010), chapter 10, Jacob and Monod (1961), and Jacob (1970). On import of cybernetics for biological thought and ‘ideologies’ after genetics, see Canguilhem (1988).
Current approaches in systems biology are one attempt at a corrective, one which would not radically disrupt the underlying genetic view of development, but which could provide a level of descriptive complexity more adequate to the immense interactivity, plasticity, and multifunctionality of genes in organismal life—a view that Gunther Stent, both presciently and somewhat remarkably, was already forewarning in the early 1980 s against the genetic optimism of Sydney Brenner and Seymour Benzer (Benzer 1971; Brenner 1974; Gilbert 2010; Moss 2003; Stent 1981, 1985).
Landecker (2016) writes, citing Georges Canguilhem: “A history of surrounds could be termed an epigenetic history, attentive to the material and theoretical implications flowing from contemporary theories concerning the biologically constitutive role of life’s conditions. At stake is understanding the role of dish and cage environments in constituting the experimental life forms through which scientific knowledge is pursued, and a broader historical and philosophical perspective in which the milieu is a central object of inquiry” (149).
Kizil elaborates on this hypothesis in an early review paper on “Adult Neurogenesis and Brain Regeneration in Zebrafish:” “It is often assumed that regeneration may recapitulate the developmental programs. Although there is substantial evidence for this hypothesis…we also identified a gene, the expression of which is injury-dependent in a specific region of the adult zebrafish brain. This suggests that zebrafish regenerative capacity may also involve the ability to activate special programs under extraordinary conditions of injury—and employ them to regenerate lost tissues. The notion of ‘injury-induced regeneration-specific molecular programs’ may receive more support as we better understand the genes that are involved in the zebrafish regeneration response, and what these genes do following an injury in non-regenerating organisms” (Kizil et al. 2012, p. 447). The data for the injury-induced regeneration-specific gene, GATA3, were published in Kizil et al. 2012. In 2019, however, Caghan published the results of a test of that genetic program on neurogenesis in a humanized in vitro model for injury specific conditions, and while GATA3—the injury-induced regeneration-specific gene—was found to be “required for enhancing the neurogenic potential of primary human astrocytes,” i.e. it participated in or was active for human neurogenesis following injury, it was not “sufficient to induce neurogenesis alone” Celikkaya et al. 2019, p. 1). It should be observed, given the above example, that the approach to regeneration as genetically distinct from, if related to, development, has yielded candidates in multiple arenas. But it is the approach and not necessarily any specific molecular program that is productive of this line of experimental work.
This observation is itself in differential relation, anthropological, to Rees (2017), which situates the emergence of neuroplasticity as a biological fact of adult mammalian (and human) brains in the “embryogenetic terms” of developmental cell biology.
I understand the ‘living technologies,’ invented to satisfy the experimental system for regeneration research under examination here, as both a contemporary instantiation of and as differential developments from the genealogy of in vitro systems—and their adjacent laboratory forms of living matter—which Landecker (2009) elaborates upon and analyzes in her history of cell culture.
Patricia Churchland (1986) argued for the reduction of mental states to neurobiology. By the publication of Braintrust (Churchland 2011), however, her hardline reductionism of the psy to the bio in things neural had softened to a relative or reformed reductionism. Bruno Latour (2004), on the other hand, mobilizes Isabella Stengers’ reading of Alfred Whitehead in order to demonstrate “how impossible it is for a reductionist science to be reductionist” (p. 226). He counters positions like Churchland’s while jocularly alluding to her husband, Paul Churchland’s, propensity to carry a picture of his wife in his wallet: the picture being an image of her PET scan. On PET scans and the import of imaging technologies and brain talk on behavior and experience, see Dumit (2004).
It is important to note that while Caghan Kizil’s group’s research on neurodegenerative diseases accrues authority (and visibility) among established Alzheimer’s researchers by referencing the Amyloid hypothesis and by modeling the disease as Amyloid toxicity both in vivo and in vitro, his approach both to regeneration and to neurodegenerative disease subtly challenges this dominant “neuro-centric view of the disease.” They write that “in recent years, it is becoming more evident that in AD pathology the neuronal proteopathy might be an endpoint and several non-neuronal changes could precede the onset of the disease in neurons,” and that “although pathogenic effects of Aβ42 in neurons are well studied, little is known about how Aβ42 impairs NSC plasticity, what is the involvement of neuro-immune crosstalk in these processes, and how we can restore NSC plasticity and neurogenic activity in AD. Such questions might diversity the therapeutic approaches for AD” (Papadimitriou et al. 2018, pp. 85–86).
Anthropology inter vivos grapples with participants—both scientific people like Caghan and Carsten and living forms in experimental science like biomaterial cultures and Alzheimer’s fish—whose own inquiries today proceed in consonance with the lessons on hybridity and artificiality that Haraway and Rabinow articulated a generation ago. It (I) aims then, from the interstices, to orient to its interlocutory subjects’ (visions of) worlds (living forms) through an anthropology that “means to study with people, not to make studies of them,” as Tim Ingold (2017) recently put it.
References
Abercrombie, Michael. 1961. Ross Granville Harrison: 1870-1959. Biographical Memoir of Fellows of the Royal Society 7: 110–126.
Allen, Garland. 1978. Thomas Hunt Morgan: The Man and His Science. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Alvarez-Buylla, Arturo, and Sally Temple. 1999. “Stem Cells in the Developing and Adult Nervous Systems.” Journal of Neurobiology 36(2):.
Alvarez-Buylla, Arturo, José García-Verdugo, and Anthony D. Tramontin. 2001. A Unified Hypothesis on the Lineage of Neural Stem Cells. Nature Reviews Neurosceince 2: 287–293.
Alvarez-Buylla, Arturo, and José García-Verdugo. 2002. Neurogenesis in Adult Subventricular Zone. Journal of Neuroscience 22 (3): 629–634.
Alvarez-Buylla, Arturo, and Daniel A. Lim. 2004. For the Long Run: Maintaining Germinal Niches in the Adult Brain. Neuron 41 (5): 683–686.
Alvarez-Buylla, A., Bettina Seri, and Fiona Doetsch. 2002. Identification of Neural Stem Cells in the Adult Vertebrate Brain,”. Brain Research Bulletin 57 (6): 751–758.
Alvarez-Buylla, A., et al. 2008. The heterogeneity of Adult Neural Stem Cells and the Emerging complexities of their niche. Quantitative Biology 73: 357–365.
Ankeny, Rachel A., and Sabina Leonelli. 2011. What’s so Special about Model Organisms? Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 42 (2): 313–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2010.11.039.
Antos, Christopher L., and Michael Brand. 2010. “Regeneration of Organs and Appendages in Zebrafish: A Window into Underlying Control Mechanisms.” https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470015902.a0022101.
Antos, Christopher L., and Tanaka, Elly M. 2010. Vertebrates that Regenerate as Models for Guiding Stem Cells. In: Meshorer, E., Plath K. eds. The Cell Biology of Stem Cells. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, Vol. 695, 184–214.
Becker, Catherina G., and Thomas Becker. 2006. Growth and Pathfinding of Regenerating Axons in the Optic Projection of Adult Fish. Journal of Neuroscience Research 85(12).
Becker, Catherina G., and Thomas Becker. 2008. Adult Zebrafish as a Model for Successful Central Nervous System Regeneration. Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience 26 (2–3): 71–80.
Beers, R.F., and E. G. Bassett. 1984. Cell Fusion: Gene Transfer and Transformation. Raven Press.
Benzer, Seymour. 1971. Clock Mutants of Drosophila melanogaster. PNAS 68 (9): 2112–2116.
Bernard, Claude. 1927. Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine.
Bertram, Lars, Christina M. Lill, and Rudolph E. Tanzi. 2010. The Genetics of Alzheimer Disease: Back to the Future. Neuron. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.10.013.
Beyreuther, Konrad, and Colin L. Masters. 1997. Alzheimer’s Disease: The Ins and Outs of Amyloid-β. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/39479.
Bradbury, Jane. 2004. Small Fish, Big Science. PLoS Biology 2(5).
Brenner, Sydney. 1974. New Directions in Molecular Biology. Nature 248: 785–787.
Brignull, Heather R., David W. Raible, and Jennifer S. Stone. 2009. Feathers and Fins: Non-Mammalian Models for Hair Cell Regeneration. Brain Research 1277: 12–23.
Burian, Richard M., and Doris T. Zallen. 1991. Borius Ephrussi and the Syntehsis of Genetics and Embryology. In A Concetual History of Modern Embryology, edited by Gilbert. Springer, New York.
Canguilhem, Georges. 1963. The Role of Analogies and Models in Biological Discovery. In Scientific Change, edited by A.C. Crombie. New York: Basic Books.
Canguilhem, Georges, Paola Marrati, and Todd Meyers. 2008. Knowledge of Life. New York: Fordham University Press.
Celikkaya, H., et al. 2019. GATA3 Promotes the Neural Progenitor State but not neurogenesis in 3D Traumatic Injury Model of Primary Human Cortical Astrocytes. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience 13: 23.
Chadarevian, Soraya de. 1998. Of Worms and Programmes: Caenorhabditis Elegans and the Study of Development. Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 29 (1): 81–105.
Chadarevian, Soraya de. 2009. Interview with Sydney Brenner. Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 40: 65–71.
Chadarevian, Soraya de, and Nick Hopwood. 2004. Models: The Third Dimension of Science. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Choy, Timothy. 2013. Ecologies of Comparison. Ecologies of Comparison. https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822393795.
Churchland, Patricia Smith. 1986. Neurophilosophy: Toward a Unified Science of the Mind-Brain. London: MIT Press.
Churchland, Patricia Smith. 2011. Braintrust : What Neuroscience Tells Us about Morality. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Chwalek, Karolina, Kandice R. Levental, Mikhail V. Tsurkan, Andrea Zieris, Uwe Freudenberg, and Carsten Werner. 2011. Two-Tier Hydrogel Degradation to Boost Endothelial Cell Morphogenesis. Biomaterials 32 (36): 9649–9657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.08.078.
Chwalek, Karolina, Mikhail V. Tsurkan, Uwe Freudenberg, and Carsten Werner. 2014. Glycosaminoglycan-Based Hydrogels to Modulate Heterocellular Communication in in Vitro Angiogenesis Models. Scientific Reports. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep04414.
Clark, Mike, and Jerry Shay. 1982. Mitochondrial Transformations of Mammalian Cells. Nature 295: 605–607.
Cosacak, M.I., et al. 2015. Regeneration, Plasticity, and Induced Molecular Programs in Adult Zebrafish Brain. BioMed Research International. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/769763.
Creager, Angela N.H. 2002. The Life of a Virus : Tobacco Mosaic Virus as an Experimental Model, 1930–1965. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Curado, S., E.A. Ober, S. Walsh, P. Cortes-Hernandez, H. Verkade, C.M. Koehler, and Stainier. 2010. The Mitochondrial Import Gene tomm22 is Specifically Required for Hepatocyte Survival and Provides a Liver Regeneration Model. Disese Models and Mechanisms 3 (7): 486–495.
Dan-Cohen, Talia. 2016. Ignoring Complexity: Epistemic Wagers and Knowledge Practices among Synthetic Biologists. Science, Technology and Human Values 41 (5): 899–921. https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243916650976.
Deleuze, Gilles, Félix Guattari, and Felix Guattari. 1994. What Is Philosophy?. Columbia: Columbia University Press.
Dumit, Joseph. 2004. Picturing Personhood : Brain Scans and Biomedical Identity. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Dumit, Joseph. 2016. Plastic Diagrams: Circuits in the Brain and How They Got There. In Plasticity and Pathology: On the Formation of the Neural Subject.
Ephrussi, Boris. 1972. Hybridization of Somatic Cells. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Ephrussi, Boris, and Mary C. Weiss. 1965. Interspecific Hybridization of Somatic Cells. Procedings of the National Academy of Sciences 53 (5): 1040–1042.
Esler, W.P., and M.S. Wolfe. 2001. A Portrait of Alzheimer Secretases—New Features and Familiar Faces. Science. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1064638.
Eriksson, Peter S., Daniel A. Peterson, and Fred H. Gage. 1998. Neurogenesis in the Adult Human Hippocampus. Nature Medicine 4: 1313–1317.
Ernst, Aurélie, Kanar Alkass, Jonas Frisén, et al. 2014. Neurogenesis in the Striatum of the Adult Human Brain. Cell 156 (5): 1072–1083.
Fleisch, Valerie C., Brittany Fraser, and W. Ted Allison. 2011. Investigating Regeneration and Functional Integration of CNS Neurons: Lessons from Zebrafish Genetics and Other Fish Species. Biochimica et Biophysica 1812 (3): 364–380.
Foucault, Michel. 1994. The Order of Things : An Archaeology of the Human Sciences. New York: Vintage Books.
Franklin, Sarah. 2005. Stem Cells R US: Emergent Life Forms and the Global Biological. In Global Assemblages: Technology, Politics, and Ethics as Anthropological Problems, ed. Aihwa Ong and Stephen Collier, 59–78. Oxford: Blackwell.
Franklin, Sarah. 2012. Life Itself: Global Nature and the Genetic Imaginary. Global Nature, Global Culture Global Nature, Global Culture.. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446219768.n7.
Franklan, Sarah and Lock, Margaret, eds. 2003. Remaking Life and Death: Towards an Anthropology of the Biosciences. School of American Research.
Freudenberg, Uwe, Andreas Hermann, Petra B. Welzel, Katja Stirl, Sigrid C. Schwarz, Milauscha Grimmer, Andrea Zieris, et al. 2009. A Star-PEG-Heparin Hydrogel Platform to Aid Cell Replacement Therapies for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Biomaterials. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.06.002.
Freudenberg, Uwe, Yingkai Liang, Kristi L. Kiick, and Carsten Werner. 2016. Glycosaminoglycan-Based Biohybrid Hydrogels: A Sweet and Smart Choice for Multifunctional Biomaterials. Advanced Materials 28 (40): 8861–8891. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201601908.
Freudenberg, Uwe, Jens Uwe Sommer, Kandice R. Levental, Petra B. Welzel, Andrea Zieris, Karolina Chwalek, Katja Schneider, et al. 2012. Using Mean Field Theory to Guide Biofunctional Materials Design. Advanced Functional Materials. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201101868.
Gage, Fred H. 2002. Neurogenesis in the Adult Brain. Journal of Neuroscience 22 (3): 612–613.
Gage, Fred H., Chunmei Zhao, and Wei Deng. 2008. Mechanisms and Functional Implications of Adult Neurogenesis. Cell 132 (4): 645–660.
Gehring, Walter J. 1998. Master Control Genes in Development and Evolution: The Homeobox Story. London: Yale University Press.
Georges Canguilhem. 1988. Ideology and Rationality in the History of the Life Sciences, trans. Arthur Goldhammer. London: MIT Press.
Gilbert, Scott F. 1991. Conceptual History of Modern Embryology. New York: Plenum Press.
Gilbert, Scott F. 2010. Developmental Biology, 9th ed. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates Inc.
Gould, Elizabeth. 2007. How Widespread is Adult Neurogenesis in Mammals? Nature Reviews Neuroscience 8 (6): 481–488.
Gould, Elizabeth, Alison J. Reeves, Mazyar Fallah, Charles G. Gross, and Eberhard Fuchs. 1999. Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Adult Old World Primates. PNAS 96 (9): 5263–5267.
Grote, Eric. 2008. Cell Fusion Assays for Yeast Mating Pairs. Methods in Molecular Biology 475: 165–196.
Grunwald, David J., and Judith S. Eisen. 2002. Headwaters of the Zebrafish: Emergence of a New Model Vertebrate. Nature Reviews Genetics 3: 717–724.
Gvaramia, David, Eike Müller, Katrin Müller, Passant Atallah, Mikhail Tsurkan, Uwe Freudenberg, Martin Bornhäuser, and Carsten Werner. 2017. Combined Influence of Biophysical and Biochemical Cues on Maintenance and Proliferation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells. Biomaterials 138: 108–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.05.023.
Haass, Christian, and Dennis J. Selkoe. 2007. Soluble Protein Oligomers in Neurodegeneration: Lessons from the Alzheimer’s Amyloid β-Peptide. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrm2101.
Häfele, Wolf. 1997. Reshaping and Integrating a Large Scientific Institution of the Former German Democratic Republic after Reunification Scientific Institution of the Former Reshaping and Integrating a Large German Democratic Republic after Reunification. Minerva 35 (2): 127–137.
Haraway, D. 1991. Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Women. London and New York: Routledge.
Haraway, Donna. 1997. Modest_Witness@Second_Millenium.FemaleMan_Meets_OncoMouse. New York and London: Routledge.
Haraway, Donna Jeanne. 1976. Crystals, Fabrics, and Fields: Metaphors That Shape Embryos. Brekeley: North Atlantic Books.
Hardy, John, and Dennis J. Selkoe. 2002. The Amyloid Hypothesis of Alzheimer’s Disease: Progress and Problems on the Road to Therapeutics. Science. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1072994.
Harris, H. 1995. The Cells of the Body: A History of Somatic Cell Genetics. Cold Spring Harbor: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
Hata, Shoji, Misako Namae, and Hiroshi Nishina. 2007. Liver Development and Regeneration: From Laboratory Study to Clinical Therapy. Development, Growth & Differentiation 49 (2): 163.
Hesse, Mary B. 1970. Models and Analogies in Science. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.
Hogle, Linda F. 2003. The Anthropology of Bioengineering. Anthropology Newsletter 44 (4): 695–716.
Hogle, Linda F. 2007. Emerging Medical Technologies. In The Handbook of Science and Technology Studies, edited by Edward J. Hackett, Olga Amsterdamska, Michael Lynch, and Judy Wajcman. London: MIT: 841–874.
Hogle, Linda F. 2018. Intersections of Technological and Regulatory Zones in Regenerative Medicine. In Global Perspectives on Stem Cell Technologies, edited by Adita Bharadwaj. Palgrave Macmillan.
Ingold, Tim. 2017. Anthropology Contra Ethnography. Hau Journal of Ethnographic Theory 7 (1): 21–26.
Jacob, François. 1970. The Logic of Life: A History of Heredity. Princeton Science Library: Princeton.
Jacob, François. 1988. The Statue within : An Autobiography.
Jacob, François. 1998a. Of Flies, Mice, and Men: On the Revolution in Modern Biology, by One of the Scientists Who Helped Make It. Translated by Giselle Weiss. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Jacob, Francois. 1998b. The Statue Within: An Autobiography, trans. Franklin: PA, Basic Books Inc.
Jacob, François, and Jacques Monod. 1961. Genetic Regulatory Mechanisms in the Synthesis of Proteins. Journal of Molecular Biology 3 (3): 318–356.
Keller, Evelyn Fox. 1995. Refiguring Life: Metaphors of Twentieth-Century Biology. Columbia: Columbia University Press.
Keller, Evelyn Fox. 2002. Making Sense of Life : Explaining Biological Development with Models, Metaphors, and Machines. Harvard: Harvard University Press.
Kelty, Christopher M. 2012. This Is Not an Article: Model Organism Newsletters and the Question of ‘Open Science’. BioSocieties 7 (2): 140–168. https://doi.org/10.1057/biosoc.2012.8.
Kizil, C., and P. Bhattarai. 2018. Is Alzheimer’s also a stem cell disease?—The Zebrafish perspective. Frontier in Cell Development and Biology 6: 159.
Kizil, Caghan, Anne Iltzsche, Jan Kaslin, and Michael Brand. 2013. Micromanipulation of Gene Expression in the Adult Zebrafish Brain Using Cerebroventricular Microinjection of Morpholino Oligonucleotides. Journal of Visualized Experiments, 75: 1–6. https://doi.org/10.3791/50415.
Kizil, Caghan, Anne Iltzsche, Alvin Kuriakose Thomas, Prabesh Bhattarai, Yixin Zhang, and Michael Brand. 2015. Efficient Cargo Delivery into Adult Brain Tissue Using Short Cell-Penetrating Peptides. PLoS ONE 10 (4): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0124073.
Kizil, Caghan, J. Kaslin, V. Kroehne, and Michael Brand. 2012. Adult Neurogenesis and Brain Regeneration in Zebrafish. Developmental Neurobiology 72 (3): 429–461.
Kizil, Caghan, G.W. Otto, R. Geisler, C. Nüsslein-Volhardt, and C.L. Antos. 2009. Simplet Controls Cell Proliferation and Gene Transcription During Zebrafish Caudal Fin Regeneration. Developmental Biology 325 (2): 329–340.
Kempermann, Gerd. 2011. Seven Principles in the Regulation of Adult Neurogenesis. European Journal of Neuroscience 33: 1018–1024.
Kempermann, Gerd, et al. 2006. Natural Variation and Genetic Covariance in Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis. PNAS 103 (3): 780–785.
Kleinman, Arthur. 1988. The Illness Narratives : Suffering, Healing, and the Human Condition. New York: Basic Books.
Kohler, Robert E. 1994. The Fly of the LordsLords of the Fly: Drosophila Genetics and the Experimental Life. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Landecker, Hannah. 2009. Culturing Life: How Cells Became Technologies. Culturing Life: Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674039902.
Landecker, Hannah. 2016. It Is What It Eats: Chemically Defined Media and the History of Surrounds. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science art C : Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 57: 148–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsc.2016.02.004.
Landecker, Hannah. 2019. “On the Odor of Rancid Butter, a Twenty-First Century Update.” History of Anthropology Newsletter 43. http://histanthro.org/notes/odor-of-rancid-butter/.
Langlitz, Nicolas. 2012. Neuropsychedelia : The Revival of Hallucinogen Research since the Decade of the Brain. California: University of California Press.
Latour, Bruno. 2004. How to Talk About the Body? The Normative Dimension of Science Studies. Body & Society 10 (2–3): 205–229. https://doi.org/10.1177/1357034X04042943.
Lenoir, Timothy. 2011. The Strategy of Life. The Strategy of Life. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-6951-3.
Leonelli, Sabina, and Rachel A. Ankeny. 2013. What Makes a Model Organism? Endeavour. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.endeavour.2013.06.001.
Lévi-Strauss, Claude. 1966. The Savage Mind. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Lévi-Strauss, Claude. 1983. Structural Anthropology. University of Chicago Press.
Liechsenring, Manuel, et al. 2013. Pov5f1 transcription factor controls zygotic gene activation in vertebrates. Science 341 (6149): 1005–1009.
Littlefield, John W. 1964. Selection of Hybrids from Matings of Fibroblasts in vitro and Their Presumed Recombinants. Science 145 (3633): 709–710.
Lock, Margaret M. 1993. Encounters with Aging : Mythologies of Menopause in Japan and North America. California: University of California Press.
Maienschein, Jane. 1983. Experimental Biology in Transition: Harrison’s Embryology, 1895-1910. New York: John’s Hopkins University Press.
Maienschein, Jane. 2011. Regenerative Medicine’s Historical Roots in Regeneration, Transplantation, and Translation. Developmental Biology 358 (2): 278–284.
Maitz, Manfred F., Uwe Freudenberg, Mikhail V. Tsurkan, Marion Fischer, Theresa Beyrich, and Carsten Werner. 2013. Bio-Responsive Polymer Hydrogels Homeostatically Regulate Blood Coagulation. Nature Communications 4: 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms3168.
Meinhardt, Andrea, Dominic Eberle, Akira Tazaki, Adrian Ranga, Marco Niesche, Michaela Wilsch-Bräuninger, Agnieszka Stec, Gabriele Schackert, Matthias Lutolf, and Elly M. Tanaka. 2014. 3D Reconstitution of the Patterned Neural Tube from Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 3 (6): 987–999. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.09.020.
Morange, Michel. 1998. A History of Molecular Biology. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Morgan, T.H. 1900. Regeneration in Teleosts. Archiv Für Entwicklungsmechanik Der Organismen. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02156348.
Morgan T.H. 1901. Regeneration. New York: The Macmillan Company.
Morgan, T.H. 1926. The Theory of the Gene. New York: Garland Publishing.
Morgan, T.H. 1934. Embryology and Genetics. Columbia: Columbia University Press.
Morgan, Mary S., and Margaret Morrison. 1999. Models as Mediators: Perspectives on Natural and Social Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Moss, Lenny. 2003. What Genes Can’t Do. London: MIT Press.
Mu, Yangling, and Fred H. Gage. 2011. Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Its Role in Alzheimer’s Disease. Molecular Neurodegeneration 6: 85.
Müller-Wille, Staffan, and Hans-Jörg Rheinberger. 2013. A Cultural History of Heredity. A Cultural History of Heredity. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226545721.001.0001.
Myers, Natasha. 2015. Rendering Life Molecular: Models, Modelers, and Excitable Matter. Durham: Duke University Press.
Nakatani, Yuni, Masanobu Nishidate, Misato Fujita, Atushi Kawakami, and Akira Kudo. 2007. Migration of Mesenchymal Cell Fated to Blastema is Necessary for Fish Fin Regeneration. Development, Growth & Differentiation 50: 2.
Nalbantoglu, J., G. Tirado-Santiago, A. Lahsaïni, J. Poirier, O. Goncalves, G. Verge, F. Momoli, et al. 1997. Impaired Learning and LTP in Mice Expressing the Carboxy Terminus of the Alzheimer Amyloid Precursor Protein. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/387500a0.
Nüsslein-Volhard, Christiane, and Richard Dahm. 2002. Zebrafish: A Practical Approach. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Nüsslein-Volhard, Christiane, and Eric Wieschaus. 1980. Mutations Affecting Segment Number and Polarity in Drosophila. Nature 287: 795–801.
Papadimitriou, Christos, Hilal Celikkaya, Mehmet I. Cosacak, Violeta Mashkaryan, Laura Bray, Prabesh Bhattarai, Kerstin Brandt, and Caghan Kizil. 2018. 3D Culture Method for Alzheimer’s Disease Modeling Reveals Interleukin-4 Rescues Aβ42-Induced Loss of Human Neural Stem Cell Plasticity. Developmental Cell. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2018.06.005.
Pontecorvo, G. 1962. Genetics AB OVO. Nature 195: 1239.
Poss, Kenneth D., Mark T. Keating, and Alex Kechiporuk. 2003. Tales of Regeneration in Zebrafish. Developmental Dynamics 226 (2): 202–210.
Prewitz, Marina C., F. Philipp Seib, Malte Von Bonin, Jens Friedrichs, Aline Stißel, Christian Niehage, Katrin Müller, et al. 2013. Tightly Anchored Tissue-Mimetic Matrices as Instructive Stem Cell Microenvironments. Nature Methods 10 (8): 788–794. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2523.
Prewitz, Marina, Friedrich Philipp Seib, Tilo Pompe, and Carsten Werner. 2012. Polymeric Biomaterials for Stem Cell Bioengineering. Macromolecular Rapid Communications. https://doi.org/10.1002/marc.201200382.
Rabinow, Paul. 1996. Essays on the Anthropology of Reason. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Rabinow, Paul, and Anthony Stavrianakis. 2014. Designs on the Contemporary. University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226138503.001.0001.
Rader, Karen A. 2004. Making Mice : Standardizing Animals for American Biomedical Research, 1900-1955. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Ranga, Adrian, Mehmet Girgin, Andrea Meinhardt, Dominic Eberle, Massimiliano Caiazzo, and Elly M Tanaka. 2016. “Neural Tube Morphogenesis in Synthetic 3D Microenvironments,” no. 16. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1603529113.
Raya, Ángel, and Juan Carlos Izpisúa Belmonte. 2004. Sequential Transfer of Left-Right Information During Vertebrate Embryo Development. Current Opinion in Genetics & Development 14 (5): 575–581.
Rees, Tobias. 2010. Being Neurologically Human Today. American Ethnologist 37 (1): 150–166. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1425.2009.01247.x.
Rees, Tobias. 2016. On How Adult Cerebral Plasticity Research Has Decoupled Pathology from Death. In Plasticity and Pathology: On the Formation of the Neural Subject, edited by David Bates and Nima Bassiri. New York: Fordham University Press.
Rees, Tobias. 2017. Plastic Reason: An Anthropology of Brain Science in Embryogenetic Terms. Plastic Reason. https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520288126.001.0001.
Rheinberger, Hans-Jörg. 1997. Toward a History of Epistemic Things: Synthesizing Proteins in the Test Tube (Writing Science). Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Rheinberger, Hans-Jörg. 2010. An Epistemology of the Concrete: Twentieth-Century Histories of Life. An Epistemology of the Concrete. Durham: Duke University Press.. https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822391333.
Rheinberger, Hans Jörg. 2015. Preparations, Models, and Simulations. History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 36 (3): 321–334. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40656-014-0049-3.
Rheinberger, Hans-Jörg. 2017. “Cultures of Experimentation.” In Cultures Without Culturalism: The Making of Scientific Knowledge, edited by Karine Chamla and Evelyn Fox Keller. New York: Duke: 278–295.
Rose, Nikolas S. 2007. Politics of Life Itself : Biomedicine, Power, and Subjectivity in the Twenty-First Century. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Rose, Nikolas S., and Joelle M. Abi-Rached. 2013. Neuro : The New Brain Sciences and the Management of the Mind. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Rubin, Beatrix P. 2009. Changing Brains: The Emergence of the Field of Adult Neurogenesis. BioSocieties 4 (4): 407–424. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1745855209990330.
Schweitzer, J., et al. 2013. Sim1a and Arnt2 contribute to hypothalamo-spinal axon guidance by regulating Robo2 activity via a Robo3-development mechanism. Development 140 (1): 93–106.
Song, S., S. Eckerle, D. Onichtchouk, J.A. Marrs, R. Nitschke, and Wolfgang Driever. 2013. Pou5f1-dependent EGF Expression Controls E-Cadherin Endocytosis, Cell Adhesions, and Zebrafish Epiboly Movements. Developmental Cell 24 (5): 486–501.
Stahl, Franklin W. 1995. George Streisinger 1927-1984. New York: National Academies Press.
Stent, Gunther S. 1981. Strenght and Weakness of the Genetic Approach to the Development of the Nervous System. Annual Review of Neuroscience 4: 163–194.
Stent, Gunther S. 1985. Thinking in One Dimension: The Impact of Molecular Biology on Development. Cell 40: 1–2.
Streisinger, George, Charline Walker, Nancy Dower, Donna Knauber, and Fred Singer. 1981. Production of Clones of Homozygous Diploid Zebra Fish (Brachydanio rerio). Nature 291: 293–296.
Streisinger, George, David Grunwald, and Charline Walker. 1989. Clonal Origin of Cells in the Pigmented Retina of the Zebrafish Eye. Developmental Biology 131 (1): 60–69.
Sunderland, Mary. 2010. Regeneration: Thomas Hunt Morgan’s Window into Development. Journal of the History of Biology 43: 325–361.
Tal, Tamara L., Jill A. Franzosa, and Robert L. Tanguay. 2010. Molecular Signaling Networks that Choreograph Epimorphic Fin Regeneration in Zebrafish: A Mini Review. Gerontology 56 (2): 231–240.
Tanaka, Elly M., and Patrizia Ferretti. 2009. Considering the Evolution of Regeneration in the Central Nervous System. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 10: 713–723.
Tang, Wenlong, and Mark C. Fishman. 2018. Genetic Architecture of Collective Behaviors in Zebrafish. https://doi.org/10.1101/350314.
Tsurkan, Mikhail V., Karolina Chwalek, Kandice R. Levental, Uwe Freudenberg, and Carsten Werner. 2010. Modular StarPEG-Heparin Gels with Bifunctional Peptide Linkers. Macromolecular Rapid Communications. https://doi.org/10.1002/marc.201000155.
Tsurkan, Mikhail V., Karolina Chwalek, Silvana Prokoph, Andrea Zieris, Kandice R. Levental, Uwe Freudenberg, and Carsten Werner. 2013. Defined Polymer-Peptide Conjugates to Form Cell-Instructive Starpeg-Heparin Matrices in Situ. Advanced Materials. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201300691.
Varga, Máté. 2018. The Doctor of Delayed Publications: The Remarkable Life of George Streisinger (1927-1984). Zebrafish 15 (3): 314–319.
Wang G. et al. 2019. Abnormal Behavior of Zebrafish Mutant in Dopamine Transporter is rescued by clozapine. iScience 19: 325-333.
Watarai, Akira, Lucas Schirmer, Stephan Thönes, Uwe Freudenberg, Carsten Werner, Jan C. Simon, and Ulf Anderegg. 2015. TGFβ Functionalized StarPEG-Heparin Hydrogels Modulate Human Dermal Fibroblast Growth and Differentiation. Acta Biomaterialia. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2015.07.036.
Weber, Heather M., Mikhail V. Tsurkan, Valentina Magno, Uwe Freudenberg, and Carsten Werner. 2017. Heparin-Based Hydrogels Induce Human Renal Tubulogenesis in Vitro. Acta Biomaterialia 57: 59–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2017.05.035.
Werner, Carsten, and Hans-jorg Jacobasch. 1996. Surface Characterization of Hemodialysis Membranes Based on Electrokinetic Measurements. Macromolecular Symp. 54 (103): 43–54.
Werner, Carsten, Ulla Ko, Antje Augsburg, Christine Arnhold, and Ralf Zimmermann. 1999. Electrokinetic Surface Characterization of Biomedical Polymers— a Survey. Colloids Surface 159: 519–29.
Winner, B., et al. 2011. Neurodegenerative Disease and Adult Neurogenesis. European Journal of Neuroscience 33: 1139–1157.
Acknowledgements
I wish to express my gratitude to Cori Hayden, Daniel Fisher, Jerry Zee, and Melissa Salm for their careful readings of early drafts of this article, to Talia Dan-Cohen for inviting me to present at the AAA’s, and to Lawrence Cohen, Aihwa Ong, and Paul Rabinow for their enduring support and mentorship. Finally, I thank Carsten Werner for not only opening the doors of the IPF to me, but for opening my mind as well to ways of seeing that I had not previously known. You inspired me.
Funding
Funding was provided by Wenner-Gren Foundation (Grant No. 9327).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
This manuscript has not been published and is not under consideration for publication elsewhere. The research conducted for this article has been subjected to appropriate ethical review. Finally, the author declares that there is no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Coren, G.G. Life inter vivos: modeling regeneration in the relation between bodies and biomaterials. BioSocieties 17, 169–202 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41292-020-00206-4
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41292-020-00206-4