Data availability
Data will be made available on request.
Data will be made available on request.
This is a third updated and revised version of the paper originally published in the World Bank Policy Research Working Paper series (February 2019, No. 8727). The following authors whose papers are covered in the review have kindly checked on our representation of their results and provided comments: Yusuf Emre Akgündüz, Ibrahim Al Hawarin, Örn B. Bodvarsson, Sebastian Braun, Valentina Calderón-Mejía, David Card, Evren Ceritoglu, Michael Clemens, Emilio Depetris-Chauvin, Ali Fakih, Albrecht Glitz, Jennifer Hunt, Merle Kreibaum, Saul Lach, Joshua J. Lewer, Erik Mäkelä, Hani Mansour, Jean-Francois Maystadt, Juan S. Morales, Elie Murard, Ayla Ogus Binatlı, Giovanni Peri, Sandra Rozo, Isabel Ruiz, Albert Saiz, Rafael Santos, Semih Tumen, Carlos Vargas-Silva, Mathis Wagner, and Jacky Wahba. Additional comments were received from Xavier Devictor, Christian Eigen-Zucchi, Harun Onder, Caglar Ozden, and William Wiseman at the World Bank and from participants who attended the following conferences: “Impacts of Refugees in Hosting Economies” held at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, September 14–15, 2018; “Forced Displacement, Asylum Seekers and Refugees: Economics Aspects and Policy Issues” held at Queen Mary University in London, March 18–19, 2019; “3rd International Conference on Forced Displacement and Migration” held at the German Development Institute in Bonn, October 30–31, 2019; “2020 Research Conference on Forced Displacement. Improving and Scaling Evidence” held at the Joint Data Center on Forced Displacement in Copenhagen, January 16–18, 2020. The paper was also presented in Marseille, Amman and Beirut to local administrations hosting refugees and field workers working with refugees. We are grateful to the Centre for Mediterranean Integration, The German Marshall Fund and the World Bank country offices for organizing these events and to participants for useful insights that helped to contextualize and clarify some of our findings. This work is part of the program ``Building the Evidence on Protracted Forced Displacement: A Multi-Stakeholder Partnership’’. The program is funded by UK aid, it is managed by the World Bank Group (WBG) and was established in partnership with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). The scope of the program is to expand the global knowledge on forced displacement by funding quality research and disseminating results for the use of practitioners and policy makers. This work does not necessarily reflect the views of the UK government, the WBG or UNHCR. All remaining errors are responsibility of the authors.