Abstract
The ability of plants to resist heavy metals is associated with the development of different ecotypes and intracellular strategies capable of dealing with the prevention, tolerance, and detoxification of heavy metal stress. This study aimed to present the physiological effects of exposure to copper and chromium in Eichhornia crassipes, Salvinia biloba, and Pistia stratiotes by measuring the activity of phytochelatins and glutathione, and oxidation-reducing enzymes (catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and guaiacol peroxidase) and levels of chlorophyll. The experiment consisted of the exposure of 50 individuals of each species to a solution of chromium III at 150 ppm and copper II at 150 ppm, for 48 h. Chemical analysis of the metals was performed with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry; catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and guaiacol peroxidase and chlorophyll levels were analyzed by colorimetric method in spectrophotometry, and glutathione and phytochelatins by hyphen liquid chromatography. The changes observed in the concentrations of glutathione and phytochelatins highlight that the ascorbate glutathione cycle was activated together with the defense mechanism of the enzymes: catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and guaiacol peroxidase. Observing the behavior of metal accumulation, and enzymes associated with the activity of the enzymes, it can be said that Eichhornia crassipes has a very efficient defense system, which makes it more resistant to copper, and an accumulator of chromium in the roots; Salvinia biloba and Pistia stratiotes accumulated and transported the two metals from the roots to the leaves; however, they had no defense mechanism and entered senescence in the last hours of the experiment.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aranda-García, E., & Cristiani-Urbina, E. (2019). Effect of pH on hexavalent and total chromium removal from aqueous solutions by avocado shell using batch and continuous systems. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 3157–3173. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0248-z.
AZEVEDO, R. A., ALAS, R. M., SMITH, R. J., & LEA, P. J. (2002). Response from elevated carbon dioxide to air and ozone fumigation in leaves and roots of wild type and a catalase-deficient mutant of barley. Physiologia Plantarum, 104, 280–292. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3054.1998.1040217.x.
Balassa, G. C., Souza, D. C., & Lima, S. B. (2010). Evaluation of the potential of Pontederia parviflora Alexander in the absorption of copper (Cu) and its effects on tissues. Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences., 32, 311–316. https://doi.org/10.4025/actascibiolsci.v32i3.3940.
Barbosa, M. R., Silva, M. M. A., Willadino, L., Ulisses, C., & Câmara, T. R. (2014). Geração e desintoxicação enzimática de espécies reativas de oxigênio em plantas. Ciência Rural, 44, 453–460. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-84782014000300011.
Bari, A., Aktherb, S., Rezac, A., & Kabir, A. H. (2019). Cadmium tolerance is associated with the root-driven coordination of cadmium sequestration, iron regulation, and ROS scavenging in rice. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 136, 22–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.01.007.
Borges, K. L. R., Salvato, F., Alcântara, B. K., Nalin, R. S., Piotto, F. A., & Azevedo, R. A. (2018). Temporal dynamic responses of roots in contrasting tomatogenotypes to cadmium tolerance. Ecotoxicology, 27, 245–258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2778-4.
Chow, Y. N., Lee, L. K., Zakaria, N. A., & Foo, K. Y. (2018). Phytotoxic effects of trivalent chromium-enriched water irrigation in Vigna unguiculata seedling. Journal of Cleaner Production, 202, 101–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.07.144.
Cobbett, C., & Goldsbrough, P. (2002). Phytochelatins and metallothioneins: rolesin heavy metal detoxification and homeostasis. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 53, 159. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.53.100301.135154.
Eaton, A. D., Clesceri, L. S., Rice, E. W., & Greenberg, A. E. (2005). Standard methodos for the examination of water and wastewater (21th ed.). Washington, DC, American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Polution control Federation.
Freitas, F., LunardI, S., Souza, L. B., Von Der Ostena, J. S. C., Arruda, R., Andrade, R. L. T., & Battirol, L. D. (2018). Accumulation of copper by the aquatic macrophyte Salvinia biloba Raddi (Salviniaceae). Brazilian Journal of Biology, 78(1), 133–139. https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.166377.
Gong, J. M., Lee, D. A., & Schroedler, J. I. (2003). Long-distance root-to-shoot transport of phytochelatins and cadmium in Arabidopsis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA., 100, 10118–10123. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1734072100.
Hajdinák, P., Czobor, Á., Lőrincz, T., & Szarka, A. (2019). The problem of glutathione determination: a comparative study on the measurement of glutathione from plant cells. Periodica Polytechnica, Chemical Engineering, 63, 1. https://doi.org/10.3311/PPch.11785.
Hasanuzzaman, M., Bhuyan, M. H. M. B., Anee, T. I., Parvin, K., Nahar, K., Mahmud, J. A., & Fujita, M. (2019). Regulation of ascorbate-glutathione pathway in mitigating oxidative damage in plants under abiotic stress. Antioxidants (Basel), 9(8(9)), 384. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8090384.
Hernández, L. E., Sobrino-Plata, J., Montero-Palmero, M. B., Carrasco-Gil, S., Florescáceres, M. L., Ortega-Villasante, C., & Escobar, C. (2015). Contribution of glutathione to the control of cellular redox homeostasis under toxic metal and metalloid stress. Journal of Experimental Botanic, 66, 2901–2911. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erv063.
Jacques-Silva, M. C., Nogueira, C. W., Broch, L. C., Flores, E. M. M., & Rocha, J. B. T. (2001). Diphenyl diselenide and ascorbic acid changes deposition of selenium and ascorbic acid in liver and brain of mice. Pharmacology and Toxicology, 88, 119–125. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0773.2001.d01-92.x.
Jouili, H., Bouazizi, H. E. L., & Ferjani, E. (2011). Plant peroxidases: biomarkers of metallic stress. Acta Physiology Plant., 33, 2075–2082. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-011-0780-2.
Krämer, U. (2003). Phytoremediation to phytochelatin – plant trace metal homeostais. New Phytologist, 158, 4–6 https://www.jstor.org/stable/1514075.
Kraus, T. E., McKersie, B. D., & Fletcher, R. A. (1995). Paclobutrazol-induced tolerance of wheat leaves to paraquat may involve increased antioxidant enzyme activity. Journal of Plant Physiology, 145, 570–576. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0176-1617(11)81790-6.
Kumar, V., Singh, J., & Chopra, A. K. (2018). Assessment of plant growth attributes, bioaccumulation, enrichment, and translocation of heavy metals in water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes L.) grown in sugar mill effluent. Journal of Phytoremediation, 20, 507–521. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2017.1393391.
Lu, Q., He, Z. L., Graetz, D. A., Stoffella, P. J., & Yang, X. (2011). Uptake and distribution of metals by water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes L.). Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 18, 978–986. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-011-0453-0.
Matsuno, H., & Uritani, I. (1972). Physiological behavior of peroxidase isozymes in sweet potato root tissue injured by cutting or with black root. Plant and Cell Physiology, 13, 1091–1101. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a074815.
Mirza, N., Mahmood, Q., Maroof, S. M., Pervez, A., & Sultan, S. (2014). Plants as useful vectors to reduce environmental toxic arsenic content. The Scientific World Journal., 100, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/921581.
Morales, J. M. L., & Sepúlveda-Jiménez, G. (2012). El Daño por Oxidación Causado por Cobre y la Respuesta Antioxidante de las Plantas. Interciência, 37, 805–811 https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/339/33925550003.pdf.
Moresco, C., Lima, V. A., & Rocha, R. D. C. (2017). Estudo Cinético de remoção do Íon Cromo (VI) Utilizando Macrófita Aquática Pistia stratiotes. Revista Tecnológica, 26, 59–70. https://doi.org/10.4025/revtecnol.v26i0.31259.
Odjegba, V. J., & Fasidi, I. O. (2004). Accumulation of trace elements by Pistia stratiotes: Implications for phytoremediation. Ecotoxicology, 13, 637–646. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-003-4424-1.
Palmer, C. M., & Guerinot, M. L. (2009). Facing the challenges of Cu, Fe and Zn homeostasis in plants. Nature Chemical Biology, 5, 333–340. https://doi.org/10.1038/nchembio.166.
Park, J., Song, W. Y., Ko, D., Eom, Y., Hansen, T. H., Schiller, M., & Lee, Y. (2012). The phytochelatin transporters AtABCC1 and AtABCC2 mediate tolerance to cadmium and mercury. Plant Journal, 9, 278–288. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2011.04789.x.
Parrotta, L., Guerriero, G. L., Sergeant, K., Cai, G., & Hausman, J. F. (2015). Target or barrier? The cell wall of early- and later-diverging plants vs. cadmium toxicity: differences in the response mechanisms. Plant Science, 6, 133. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.00133.
Pilon, M. (2011). Moving copper in plants. New Phytologist, 192, 305–307. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03869.x.
Rodrigues, A. C., Santos, A. M., Santos, F. S., Pereira, A. C. C., & Sobrinho, N. M. B. A. (2016). Mecanismos de Respostas das Plantas à Poluição por Metais Pesados: Possibilidade de Uso de Macrófitas para Remediação de Ambientes Aquáticos Contaminados. Revista Virtual de Química, 8, 262–276. https://doi.org/10.5935/1984-6835.20160017.
Santos, F. S., Amaral-Sobrinho, N. M. B., Mazur, N., Garbisu, C., Barrutia, O., & Becerril, J. M. (2011). Resposta antioxidante, formação de fitoquelatinas e composição de pigmentos fotoprotetores em Brachiaria decumbens Stapf submetida à contaminação com Cd e Zn. Química Nova, 34, 16–20. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-40422011000100004.
Sharma, P., Jha, A. B., Dubey, R. S., & PessaraklI, M. (2012). Reactive oxygen species, oxidative damage, and antioxidative defense mechanism in plants under stressful conditions. Journal of Botany, 2012, 26. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/217037.
Silva, J., Fernandes, A., Silva-Junior, M., Santos, C., & Lobato, A. (2018). Tolerance mechanisms in Cassia alata exposed to cadmium toxicity – potential use for phytoremediation. Photosynthetica, 56(n.2), 495–504. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11099-017-0698-z.
Silva, R. F., Missio, E. L., Steffen, R. B., Weirich, S. W., Kuss, C. C., & Scheid, D. L. (2014). Efeito do Cobre Sobre o Crescimento e Qualidade de Mudas de Stryphnodendron polyphyllum Mart. e Cassia multijuga Rich. Ciência Florestal, 24, 717–725. https://doi.org/10.5902/1980509815730.
Sytar, O., Kumar, A., Latowski, D., Kuczynska, P., Strzałka, K., & Prasad, M. N. V. (2013). Heavy metal-induced oxidative damage, defense reactions, and detoxification mechanisms in plants. Acta Physiology of Plant, 35, 985–999. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-012-1169-6.
Tabinda, A. B., Rabia, I. A., Abdullah, I., Anum, I. I., & Mahmood, A. (2020). Phytoremediation potential of Pistia stratiotes and Eichhornia crassipes to remove chromium and copper (Vol. 41, pp. 1514–1519). https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2018.1540662.
Xiao-Zhang, Y. J. L. Q. (2019). Metallothioneins enhance chromium detoxification through scavenging ROS and stimulating metal chelation in Oryza Sativa. Chemosphere, 220, 300–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.12.119.
Yu, F., Li, Y., Li, F., Li, C., & Liu, K. (2019). The effects of EDTA on plant growth and manganese (Mn) accumulation in Polygonum pubescens Blume cultured in unexplored soil, mining soil and tailing soil from the Pingle Mn mine, China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 173, 235–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.01.086.
Zayed, A., Gowthaman, S., & Terry, N. (1998). Phytoaccumulation of trace elements by wetland plants. I. Duckweed. Journal of Environmental Quality, 27(3), 715–721. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1998.00472425002700030032x.
Zhang, W., Lin, K., Zhou, J., Zhang, W., Liu, L., & Zhang, Q. (2014). Cadmium accumulation, sub-cellular distribution and chemical forms in rice seedling in the presence of sulfur. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 37(n.1), 348–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2013.12.006.
Zhu, X., Raina, A. K., Lee, H. G., Casadesus, G., Smith, M. A., & Perry, G. (2004). Oxidative stress signaling in Alzheimer’s disease. Brain Research, 1000, 32–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2004.01.012.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
de Souza, D.C., Fontaneli, A.C., Peron, A.P. et al. Physiological Effects of Exposure to Copper and Chromium in Three Floating Aquatic Macrophyte Species. Water Air Soil Pollut 232, 23 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-020-04960-w
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-020-04960-w