Abstract
To manage inland water resources, surveying the performance of remote sensing models for estimating the actual evaporation in arid regions is so important. Hence, this study aimed to assess the performance of two energy balance algorithms including surface energy balance algorithm for land (SEBAL) and operational simplified surface energy balance (SSEBop) in freshwater and saline water bodies. Another purpose of the present study was efficiency improvement in hypersaline lakes. In this regard, a practical salinity correction coefficient was used to overcome shortcomings of the selected models over saline Lake. The analysis of yearly lake water budget was used to assess the selected energy balance algorithms’ performance with a novel approach. These algorithms were investigated at Shahid Kazemi Dam Reservoir (as a freshwater body) and Urmia Lake (as a hypersaline water body) in Iran. The results showed that two selected algorithms estimated the evaporation rate at the selected freshwater body with a proper accuracy. The results showed the root mean square error for SEBAL result (RMSESEBAL) as 2.0 mm/day, correlation coefficient for SEBAL result (RSEBAL) as 0.80 mm/day, and RMSESSEBop and RSSEBop as 1.7 and 0.80 mm/day, respectively. However, these models overestimated evaporation over the hypersaline water body (RMSESEBAL = 88.4 mm/month, RSEBAL = 0.90 and RMSESSEBop = 39.9 mm/month, RSSEBop = 0.94). Salinity correction coefficient improved the results as RMSESEBAL = 19.8 mm/month, RSEBAL = 0.90 and RMSESSEBop = 13.4 mm/month, and RSSEBop = 0.94. In general, the algorithm performance was improved using the salinity correction coefficient in the chosen hypersaline water body.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdelrady A, Timmermans J, Vekerdy Z, Salama M (2016) Surface energy balance of fresh and saline waters: AquaSEBS Remote sensing 8:583
Abdelrady AR (2013) Evaporation over fresh and saline water using SEBS. University of Twente Faculty of Geo-Information and Earth Observation (ITC),
Abtew W, Melesse A (2012) Evaporation and evapotranspiration: measurements and estimations. Springer Science & Business Media,
AghaKouchak A, Norouzi H, Madani K, Mirchi A, Azarderakhsh M, Nazemi A, Nasrollahi N, Farahmand A, Mehran A, Hasanzadeh E (2015) Aral Sea syndrome desiccates Lake Urmia: call for action. J Great Lakes Res 41:307–311
Alborzi A et al. (2018) Climate-informed environmental inflows to revive a drying lake facing meteorological and anthropogenic droughts Environmental Research Letters 13:084010
Allen RG, Irmak A, Trezza R, Hendrickx JM, Bastiaanssen W, Kjaersgaard J (2011a) Satellite-based ET estimation in agriculture using SEBAL and METRIC Hydrol Process 25:4011–4027
Allen RG, Pereira LS, Howell TA, Jensen ME (2011b) Evapotranspiration information reporting: I. Factors governing measurement accuracy Agric Water Manage 98:899–920
Allen RG, Pereira LS, Raes D, Smith M (1998) Crop evapotranspiration-guidelines for computing crop water requirements-FAO irrigation and drainage paper 56 Fao, Rome 300:D05109
Allen RG, Tasumi M, Trezza R, Waters R, Bastiaanssen W (2002) SEBAL (surface energy balance algorithms for land) NASA EOSDIS/Synergy grant from the Raytheon Company through The Idaho Department of. Water Resources 1:97
Allison G, Barnes C (1985) Estimation of evaporation from the normally “dry” Lake Frome in South Australia JHyd 78:229-242
Assouline S et al. (2016) On the variability of the Priestley-Taylor coefficient over water bodies WRR 52:150-163
Assouline S, Mahrer Y (1993) Evaporation from Lake Kinneret: 1. Eddy correlation system measurements and energy budget estimates WRR 29:901–910
Assouline S, Tyler SW, Tanny J, Cohen S, Bou-Zeid E, Parlange M, Katul GG (2008) Evaporation from three water bodies of different sizes and climates: measurements and scaling analysis AdWR 31:160–172
Bagheri M, Morid S, Arshad S (2017) Application of remotely-sensed data to estimate a water budget for data-scarce endorheic basins: a case study of Lake Urmia basin. Iran Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing 45:101–112
Bastiaanssen WG, Menenti M, Feddes R, Holtslag A (1998a) A remote sensing surface energy balance algorithm for land (SEBAL). 1. Formulation J Hydrol 212:198–212
Bastiaanssen WG, Pelgrum H, Wang J, Ma Y, Moreno J, Roerink G, Van der Wal T (1998b) A remote sensing surface energy balance algorithm for land (SEBAL): part 2: validation JHyd 212:213-229
Benduhn F, Renard P (2004) A dynamic model of the Aral Sea water and salt balance. J Mar Syst 47:35–50
Bowen IS (1926) The ratio of heat losses by conduction and by evaporation from any water surface Phys Rev 27:779
Brotzge JA, Crawford KC (2003) Examination of the surface energy budget: a comparison of eddy correlation and Bowen ratio measurement systems Journal of Hydrometeorology 4:160–178
Bruton J, McClendon R, Hoogenboom G (2000) Estimating daily pan evaporation with artificial neural networks Trans ASAE 43:491
Brutsaert W (1999) Aspects of bulk atmospheric boundary layer similarity under free-convective conditions. Rev Geophys 37:439–451
Comunian A, Giudici M, Landoni L, Pugnaghi S (2018) Improving Bowen-ratio estimates of evaporation using a rejection criterion and multiple-point statistics JHyd 563:43–50
Courault D, Seguin B, Olioso A (2005) Review on estimation of evapotranspiration from remote sensing data: from empirical to numerical modeling approaches Irrigation and Drainage systems 19:223–249
Danesh-Yazdi M, Ataie-Ashtiani B (2019) Lake Urmia crisis and restoration plan: planning without appropriate data and model is gambling JHyd
Delclaux F, Coudrain A, Condom T (2007) Evaporation estimation on Lake Titicaca: a synthesis review and modelling Hydrol Process 21:1664–1677
Delju A, Ceylan A, Piguet E, Rebetez M (2013) Observed climate variability and change in Urmia Lake Basin. Iran Theor Appl Climatol 111:285–296
Deus D, Gloaguen R, Krause P (2013) Water balance modeling in a semi-arid environment with limited in situ data using remote sensing in Lake Manyara. East African Rift, Tanzania Remote Sensing 5:1651–1680
Elsawwaf M, Willems P, Pagano A, Berlamont J (2010) Evaporation estimates from Nasser Lake, Egypt, based on three floating station data and Bowen ratio energy budget ThApC 100:439–465
Fairall CW, Bradley EF, Rogers DP, Edson JB, Young GS (1996) Bulk parameterization of air-sea fluxes for tropical ocean-global atmosphere coupled-ocean atmosphere response experiment Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 101:3747–3764
Fu G, Liu C, Chen S, Hong J (2004) Investigating the conversion coefficients for free water surface evaporation of different evaporation pans HyPr 18:2247–2262
Gal G, Imberger J, Zohary T, Antenucci J, Anis A, Rosenberg T (2003) Simulating the thermal dynamics of Lake Kinneret Ecol Model 162:69–86
Ghale YAG, Baykara M, Unal A (2019) Investigating the interaction between agricultural lands and Urmia Lake ecosystem using remote sensing techniques and hydro-climatic data analysis Agric Water Manage 221:566–579
Gibson J (2002) Short-term evaporation and water budget comparisons in shallow Arctic lakes using non-steady isotope mass balance JHyd 264:242-261
Groeneveld D, Huntington J, Barz D (2010) Floating brine crusts, reduction of evaporation and possible replacement of fresh water to control dust from Owens Lake bed. California JHyd 392:211–218
Harbeck GE (1955) The effect of salinity on evaporation. US Government Printing Office
Hassan M (2013) Evaporation estimation for Lake Nasser based on remote sensing technology Ain Shams Engineering Journal 4:593-604
Hughes GH (1967) Analysis of techniques used to measure evaporation from Salton Sea. US Government Printing Office, California
Hunt IA (1959) Evaporation of Lake Ontario Journal of the Hydraulics Division 85:13–33
Jalili S, Kirchner I, Livingstone DM, Morid S (2012) The influence of large-scale atmospheric circulation weather types on variations in the water level of Lake Urmia. Iran IJCli 32:1990–1996
Jia L, Xi G, Liu S, Huang C, Yan Y, Liu G (2009) Regional estimation of daily to annual regional evapotranspiration with MODIS data in the Yellow River Delta wetland HESS 13:1775–1787
Johnson F, Sharma A (2010) A comparison of Australian open water body evaporation trends for current and future climates estimated from Class A evaporation pans and general circulation models Journal of Hydrometeorology 11:105–121
Karbassi A, Bidhendi GN, Pejman A, Bidhendi ME (2010) Environmental impacts of desalination on the ecology of Lake Urmia J Great Lakes Res 36:419–424
Katul GG, Parlange MB (1992) A Penman-Brutsaert model for wet surface evaporation WRR 28:121–126
Khaki M, Awange J (2019) Improved remotely sensed satellite products for studying Lake Victoria’s water storage changes Sci Total Environ 652:915–926
Khazaei B et al. (2019) Climatic or regionally induced by humans? Tracing hydro-climatic and land-use changes to better understand the Lake Urmia tragedy JHyd 569:203–217
Lee CH (1927) Discussion of “evaporation on reclamation projects” by IE Houk Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers 90:340-343
Lensky N, Dvorkin Y, Lyakhovsky V, Gertman I, Gavrieli I (2005) Water, salt, and energy balances of the Dead Sea WRR 41
Lenters JD, Kratz TK, Bowser CJ (2005) Effects of climate variability on lake evaporation: results from a long-term energy budget study of Sparkling Lake, northern Wisconsin (USA) JHyd 308:168-195
Linacre ET (1993) Data-sparse estimation of lake evaporation, using a simplified Penman equation Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 64:237-256
Liou Y-A, Kar S (2014) Evapotranspiration estimation with remote sensing and various surface energy balance algorithms—a review Energies 7:2821-2849
Liu H, Zhang Y, Liu S, Jiang H, Sheng L, Williams QL (2009) Eddy covariance measurements of surface energy budget and evaporation in a cool season over southern open water in Mississippi Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 114
Lyons RP, Kroll CN, Scholz CA (2011) An energy-balance hydrologic model for the Lake Malawi Rift basin. East Africa Global Planet Change 75:83–97
Majidi M, Alizadeh A, Farid A, Vazifedoust M (2015) Estimating evaporation from lakes and reservoirs under limited data condition in a semi-arid region Water Resour Manage 29:3711–3733
Malek E, Bingham GE (1993) Comparison of the Bowen ratio-energy balance and the water balance methods for the measurement of evapotranspiration JHyd 146:209–220
McGloin R, McGowan H, McJannet D (2015) Effects of diurnal, intra-seasonal and seasonal climate variability on the energy balance of a small subtropical reservoir IJCli 35:2308-2325
McMahon T, Peel M, Lowe L, Srikanthan R, McVicar T (2013) Estimating actual, potential, reference crop and pan evaporation using standard meteorological data: a pragmatic synthesis HESS 17:1331
Melesse A, Abtew W, Dessalegne T (2009) Evaporation estimation of Rift Valley Lakes: comparison of models Sensors 9:9603–9615
Merrikhpour MH, Rahimzadegan M (2017) An introduction to an algorithm for extracting precipitable water vapor over land from AMSR2 images IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing 10:3975–3984 doi:https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2017.2716403
Metzger J, Nied M, Corsmeier U, Kleffmann J, Kottmeier C (2018) Dead Sea evaporation by eddy covariance measurements vs. aerodynamic, energy budget, Priestley–Taylor, and Penman estimates HESS 22:1135–1155
Mohebzadeh H, Fallah M (2019) Quantitative analysis of water balance components in Lake Urmia, Iran using remote sensing technology Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment 13:389–400
Morton FI (1967) Evaporation from large deep lakes WRR 3:181-200
Morton FI (1986) Practical estimates of lake evaporation JCAM 25:371-387
Myrup L, Powell T, Godden D, Goldman C (1979) Climatological estimate of the average monthly energy and water budgets of Lake Tahoe California-Nevada WRR 15:1499–1508
Nordbo A, Launiainen S, Mammarella I, Leppäranta M, Huotari J, Ojala A, Vesala T (2011) Long-term energy flux measurements and energy balance over a small boreal lake using eddy covariance technique Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 116
Penman HL (1948) Natural evaporation from open water, bare soil and grass. Proc R Soc Lond A Math Phys Sci 193:120–145
Powell T, Kirkish MH, Neale PJ, Richerson PJ (1984) The diurnal cycle of stratification in Lake Titicaca: eddy diffusion: with 2 figures and 2 tables in the text Internationale Vereinigung für theoretische und angewandte Limnologie: Verhandlungen 22:1237-1243
Priestley CHB, Taylor R (1972) On the assessment of surface heat flux and evaporation using large-scale parameters MWRv 100:81–92
Rahimzadegan M, Janani A (2019) Estimating evapotranspiration of pistachio crop based on SEBAL algorithm using Landsat 8 satellite imagery Agric Water Manage 217:383-390
Roderick ML, Farquhar GD (2004) Changes in Australian pan evaporation from 1970 to 2002 International Journal of Climatology: A Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 24:1077–1090
Sabziparvar A-A, Tabari H, Aeini A, Ghafouri M (2010) Evaluation of class A pan coefficient models for estimation of reference crop evapotranspiration in cold semi-arid and warm arid climates Water Resour Manage 24:909–920
Sacks L, Lee T, Radell M (1994) Comparison of energy-budget evaporation losses from two morphometrically different Florida seepage lakes JHyd 156:311–334
Sánchez-Carrillo S, Angeler DG, Sánchez-Andrés R, Alvarez-Cobelas M, Garatuza-Payán J (2004) Evapotranspiration in semi-arid wetlands: relationships between inundation and the macrophyte-cover: open-water ratio AdWR 27:643–655
Senay G, Budde M, Verdin J, Melesse A (2007) A coupled remote sensing and simplified surface energy balance approach to estimate actual evapotranspiration from irrigated fields Sensors 7:979–1000
Senay GB, Bohms S, Singh RK, Gowda PH, Velpuri NM, Alemu H, Verdin JP (2013) Operational evapotranspiration mapping using remote sensing and weather datasets: a new parameterization for the SSEB approach J Am Water Resour Assoc 49:577–591
Senay GB, Friedrichs M, Singh RK, Velpuri NM (2016) Evaluating Landsat 8 evapotranspiration for water use mapping in the Colorado River Basin. Remote Sens Environ 185:171–185
Sima S, Ahmadalipour A, Tajrishy M (2013) Mapping surface temperature in a hyper-saline lake and investigating the effect of temperature distribution on the lake evaporation Remote Sens Environ 136:374–385
Small EE, Sloan LC, Hostetler S, Giorgi F (1999) Simulating the water balance of the Aral Sea with a coupled regional climate-lake model Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 104:6583–6602
Sturrock A, Winter T, Rosenberry D (1992) Energy budget evaporation from Williams Lake: a closed lake in north central Minnesota WRR 28:1605–1617
Su Z (2002) The surface energy balance system (SEBS) for estimation of turbulent heat fluxes Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 6:85–100
Su Z, Pelgrum H, Menenti M (1999) Aggregation effects of surface heterogeneity in land surface processes HESSD 3:549–563
Swenson S, Wahr J (2009) Monitoring the water balance of Lake Victoria, East Africa, from space JHyd 370:163–176
Tabari H, Talaee PH (2014) Sensitivity of evapotranspiration to climatic change in different climates Global Planet Change 115:16–23
Taheri M, Emadzadeh M, Gholizadeh M, Tajrishi M, Ahmadi M, Moradi M (2019) Investigating the temporal and spatial variations of water consumption in Urmia Lake River Basin considering the climate and anthropogenic effects on the agriculture in the basin Agric Water Manage 213:782–791
Tanny J, Cohen S, Assouline S, Lange F, Grava A, Berger D, Teltch B, Parlange MB (2008) Evaporation from a small water reservoir: direct measurements and estimates. J Hydrol 351:218–229
Turk L (1970) Evaporation of brine: a field study on the Bonneville Salt Flats. Utah WRR 6:1209–1215
Vaheddoost B, Aksoy H (2017) Structural characteristics of annual precipitation in Lake Urmia basin ThApC 128:919–932
Van Emmerik T, Rimmer A, Lechinsky Y, Wenker K, Nussboim S, Van de Giesen N (2013) Measuring heat balance residual at lake surface using distributed temperature sensing Limnol Oceanogr Methods 11:79–90
Vardavas IM (1987) Modelling the seasonal variation of net all-wave radiation flux and evaporation in a tropical wet-dry region. Ecol Model 39:247–268
Vicente-Serrano SM et al. (2018) A comparison of temporal variability of observed and model-based pan evaporation over Uruguay (1973–2014) IJCli 38:337-350
Wang JF et al. (2008) Optimal water resource allocation in arid and semi-arid areas Water Resour Manage 22:239
Wang W et al. (2018) Global lake evaporation accelerated by changes in surface energy allocation in a warmer climate Nature Geoscience 11:410
Wang W et al. (2014) Temporal and spatial variations in radiation and energy balance across a large freshwater lake in China JHyd 511:811-824
Webb E (1966) A pan-lake evaporation relationship JHyd 4:1-11
Williams PD, Guilyardi E, Madec G, Gualdi S, Scoccimarro E (2010) The role of mean ocean salinity in climate DyAtO 49:108–123
Winter TC, Buso DC, Rosenberry DO, Likens GE, Sturrock AJM, Mau DP (2003) Evaporation determined by the energy-budget method for Mirror Lake. New Hampshire Limnol Oceanogr 48:995–1009
Yang T, Sun F, Liu W, Wang H, Wang T, Liu C (2019) Using geo-detector to attribute spatio-temporal variation of pan evaporation across China in 1961–2001 IJCli 39:2833–2840
Yang Y (2015) Evapotranspiration over heterogeneous vegetated surfaces: models and applications. Springer
Yekom Consulting Engineers MpftLUe (2002) in Report 1 of the EC-IIP environmental management project for Lake Uromiyeh
Yin X, Nicholson SE (1998) The water balance of Lake Victoria Hydrological Sciences Journal 43:789–811
Yu S, Liu J, Xu J, Wang H (2011) Evaporation and energy balance estimates over a large inland lake in the Tibet-Himalaya Environmental Earth Sciences 64:1169–1176
Zamani Losgedaragh S, Rahimzadegan M (2018) Evaluation of SEBS, SEBAL, and METRIC models in estimation of the evaporation from the freshwater lakes (case study: Amirkabir dam, Iran) JHyd 561:523-531
Zamani SL, Rahimzadegan M (2018) Evaluation of SEBS, SEBAL, and METRIC models in estimation of the evaporation from the freshwater lakes (case study: Amirkabir dam, Iran). J Hydrol 561:523–531
Zhang H, Gorelick SM, Zimba PV, Zhang X (2017) A remote sensing method for estimating regional reservoir area and evaporative loss JHyd 555:213–227
Zhao G, Gao H (2019) Estimating reservoir evaporation losses for the United States: fusing remote sensing and modeling approaches remote Sens environ 226:109-124
Zhu W, Yan J, Jia S (2017) Monitoring recent fluctuations of the Southern Pool of Lake Chad using multiple remote sensing data: implications for water balance analysis Remote Sensing 9:1032
Zuo H, Chen B, Wang S, Guo Y, Zuo B, Wu L, Gao X (2016) Observational study on complementary relationship between pan evaporation and actual evapotranspiration and its variation with pan type Agricultural and forest meteorology 222:1–9
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the Iranian Ministry of Energy and Meteorological Organization for providing the necessary data used in this study.
Funding
The authors received no specific funding for this study.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Morteza Rahimpour: Data curation, software, methodology, writing—original draft preparation, investigation, visualization, and validation
Majid Rahimzadegan: Supervision, conceptualization, methodology, investigation, validation, writing—reviewing and editing
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rahimpour, M., Rahimzadegan, M. Assessment of surface energy balance algorithm for land and operational simplified surface energy balance algorithm over freshwater and saline water bodies in Urmia Lake Basin. Theor Appl Climatol 143, 1457–1472 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-020-03472-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-020-03472-1