Abstract
The most widely used apple rootstock Malling-Merton 106 is highly susceptible to collar rot disease caused by Phytophthora cactorum. In the present study, in vitro selection method was employed for early screening of collar rot tolerance among regenerants of MM106. Toxic filtrates produced by three virulent isolates of P. cactorum were mixed and tested as a selection agent. Adventitious shoots were regenerated from leaf explants of MM106, cloned and exposed to proliferation MS medium enriched with 20–80% (v/v) of pathogen culture filtrate to isolate tolerant regenerants. Varying concentrations of culture filtrate resulted in browning, necrosis and reduced growth which led to the identification of tolerant shoots.The survived tolerant regenerants were subjected to three continuous and one discontinuous selection cycle. The critical concentration of culture filtrate was found to be 74%, resulting in 37.8% survival of regenerated shoots after becoming necrotic. Regenerants selected on 70%, 72% and 74% culture filtrate enriched medium showed 52%, 50% and 33.3%, survival respectively after 2nd selection cycle, while reduced to 87%, 81% and 0 respectively after 3rd selection cycle. In discontinuous cycle, 100% tolerant regenerants survived, though multiplication ability was decreased. After in vitro inoculation of the pathogen, seven out of eight somaclones exhibited tolerance to P. cactorum. Thus, it is suggested that selection approach using Phytophthora culture filtrate has potential in identifying the disease tolerant somaclones in apple.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Anonymous (1960) Annual Report of Regional Research Station, Mashobra, 1959-60, pp 60
Battistini C, Rosati P (1991) In vitro evaluation of somaclonal strawberry Fragaria ananassa (Brighton) variants for susceptibility to Phytophthora cactorum. In: Dale A, Lubby WW (eds) The strawberry into the 21st century. Timber Press, Portland, pp 121–123
Berestetskiy AO (2008) A review of fungal phytotoxins: from basic studies to practical use. Applied Biochem Microb 44:453–465
Bhardwaj S (1988) Biology of wooly apple aphid, (Eriosoma lanigerum Hausman) with special reference to gall formation, morph determination and apple varietal resistance. PhD Thesis, H.P. University
Chevreau E, Leblay C, Raboin LM (1990) Adventitious regeneration separates pear chimeras into their component types and induces unstable variegation. In: VII International Congress on Plant Tissue and Cell Culture (p. np). Kluwer Academic Press
Daub ME (1986) Tissue culture and the selection of resistance to pathogens. Annu Rev Phytopathol 24:159–186
Esmaiel NM, Al-Doss AA, Barakat MN (2012) In vitro selection for resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi and detection of genetic polymorphism via RAPD analysis in carnation. J Med Plants Res 6:3997–4004
Flores PS, Otoni WC, Dhingra OD, Sergio PSSD, Telma MS (2012) In vitro selection of yellow passion fruit genotypes for resistance to Fusarium vascular wilt. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 108:37–45
Flores-Giubi ME, Brito-Argaez L, García-Sosa K, Escalante-Erosa F, Islas-Flores I, Pena-Rodriguez LM (2013) Optimization of culturing conditions of a strain of Phytophthora capsici pathogenic to habanero pepper (Capsicum chinense). J Phytopathol 161:807–813
Ganesan M, Jayabalan N (2006) Isolation of disease-tolerant cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. cv. SVPR 2) plants by screening somatic embryos with fungal culture filtrate. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 87:273–284
Garg RC (1987) Variability and biocontrol of Phytophthora cactorum on apple. Ph.D Dissertation, Dr Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan (HP)
Goel S, Modgil M, Sharma R (2007) In vitro evaluation of Phytophthora cactorum culture (Lebert and Cohn) filtrate influence on apple. Indian J Hortic 64:17–22
Gupta VK, Mir NM (1983) Field testing of apple rootstocks against Phytophthora cactorum - A new technique. Tree Sci 2:81–83
Gupta VK, Sharma SK (2005) Fungal diseases. In: Chadha KL, Awasthi RP (eds) The apple: improvement, production and post-harvest management. Malhotra Publishing House, New Delhi, pp 287–312
Gupta VK, Utkhede RS (1986) Factors affecting the production of antifungal compounds by Enterobactor aerogenes and Bacillus subtilis antagonists of P. cactorum. J Phytopthol 117:9–16
Hammerschlag FA (1988) Selection of peach cells for insensitivity to culture filtrate of Xanthomonas campestris pv. Pruni and regeneration of resistant plants. Theor Applied Genet 76:865–869
Hammerschlag FA, Owens LD, Smigocki AC (1989) Peach improvement through the use of tissue culture and gene- transfer techniques. Clemson Univ NC, USA, Inter Peach Symposium
Hammerschlag F, Ritchic D, Werner D, Hashmil G, Krusberg L, Meyer R, Huettel R (1995) In vitro selection of disease resistance in fruit trees. Acta Hortic 392:19–26
Jayasankar S, Litz RE, Gray DJ, Moon PA (1999) Responses of embryogenic mango cultures and seedling bioassays to a partially purified phytotoxin produced by a mango leaf isolate of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plants 35:475–479
Jayasankar S, Li Z, Gray DJ (2000) In vitro selection of Vitis vinifera chardonnay with Elsinoeampelina culture filtrates is accompanied by fungal resistance and enhanced secretion of chitinase. Planta 211:200–208
Jeffers SN, Aldwinckle HS (1988) Phytophthora cactorum rot of apple trees: sources of Phytophthora cactorum and P. combivora as primary inoculum. Phytopathol 78:328–335
Khairum A, Poolsawat O, Pornbungkerd P, Tharapreuksapong A, Wongkaew S, Tantasawat PA (2018) Effects of culture media on Phytophthora palmivora growth, α-elicitin production and toxicity to Dendrobium. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 46:630–638
Kumar S, Negi SP, Kanwar JK (2008) In vitro selection and regeneration of chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorum Tzelev) plants resistant to culture filtrate of Septoria obese syd. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plants 44:474–479
Larkin PS, Scowcroft WR (1981) Somaclonal variation a novel source of variability from cell cultures for plant improvement. Theor Applied Genet 60:197–214
MacDonald MV, Ingram DS (1986) Towards the selection in vitro for resistance to Alternaria brassicicola (Schw.) Wilts., in Brassica napus ssp. oleifera (Metzg.) Sinsk., winter oilseed rape. New Phytol 104:621–629
Mezzetti B, Rosati P, Zimmerman RH, Hammerschlag FA (1993) Determination of resistance to Phytophthora cactorum culture filtrate in apple clonal rootstocks, cultivars and leaf regenerants, using the in vitro proliferation and the optical probe methods. Acta Hortic 336:93–100
Modgil M, Handa R, Sharma DR (1999) Direct shoot regeneration from excised leaves of in vitro raised shoots of clonal apple rootstock MM106. Curr Sci 76:278–279
Modgil M, Guleria N, Ghani M, Sharma JN (2012) Identifying somaclonal variants of the apple rootstock Malling7 resistant to white root rot. Sci Hortic 137:148–155
Murashige T, Skoog F (1962) A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassay with tobacco tissue culture. Physiol Plant 15:473–479
Pati PK, Virk GS, Nagpal A (2017) In vitro selection of resistant/tolerant mutants lines of Citrus jambhiri lush. Using crude culture filtrate of Phytophthora parasitica and their randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. J Phytopathol 165:771–781
Pennisi AM, Di Pasquale G, Bonforte M, Sesto F (1988) Phytotoxic metabolites of virulent and virulent Phoma tracheiphila isolates. In: Proceedings of the Sixth International Citrus Congress, vol 2, pp 817–827
Plich M, Rudnicki MR (1979) Studies of the toxins of P.cactorum pathogenic to apple trees. Phytopathol 94:270–278
Rai KM, Tripathi GM (1984) Resistance of various rootstocks to the attack of wooly aphids (Eriosoma lanigerum Hausm.). Prog Hortic 16:359–362
Ramírez-Mosqueda MA, Iglesias-Andreu LG, da Silva JA, Luna-Rodríguez M, Noa-Carrazana JC, Bautista-Aguilar JR, Leyva-Ovalle, Murguía-González J (2019) In vitro selection of vanilla plants resistant to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vanillae. Acta Physiol Plant 41:40
Rosati P, Gaggioli D, Lovato A, Mezzetti B (1989) Screening for Phytophthora cactorum resistance with culture filtrate of the fungus. International Strawberry Symposium, Cesena
Rosati P, Mezzetti B, Ancherani M, Foscola S, Predieris FF (1990) In vitro selection of apple rootstock somaclones with Phytophthora cactorum culture filtrate. Acta Hortic 280:409–416
Schoina C, Bouwmeester K, Govers F (2017) Infection of a tomato cell culture by Phytophthora infestans; a versatile tool to study Phytophthora-host interactions. Plant Meth 13:1–4
Sesto F, Grimaldi V, Pennisi AM (1990) Sensitivity of different citrus and non-citrus species protoplasts towards malsecco toxins. Adv Hortic Sci 4:97–102
Sharma IM (1984) Studies on collar rot of apple caused by Pythium ultinum Thow. Ph D Dissertation, HPKV, Palampur
Sopee J, Sangchote S, Stevenson WR (2012) Modified agar-based media for culturing Phytophthora infestans. Phytopara 40:269–278
Sowik I, Bielenin A, Michalczuk L (2001) In vitro testing of strawberry resistance to Verticillium dahlia and Phytophthora cactorum. Sci Hortic 88:31–40
Svabova L, Lebeda A (2005) In vitro selection for improved plant resistance to toxin producing pathogen. J Phytopathol 153:52–64
Thorpe TA (1982) Callus organization and de novo formation of shoots roots and embryos in vitro. In: Tomes DT, Ellis BE, Harney PM, Kasha KJ, Peterson RL (eds) Application of plant cell and tissue culture to agriculture and industry. University of Guelph, Ontario, pp 115–138
Valencia LDC, Pascual CB, Delfin EF (2014) In vitro selection of pineapple cv. 'Queen' with resistance to culture filtrate of Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands. Phillipines J Crop Sci 39:58–66
Yerzhebayeva RS, Abekova AM, Bersimbaeva GH, Konysbekov KT, Bastaubaeva SO, Roik NV, Urazaliev KR (2019) In vitro cell selection of sugar beet for resistance to culture filtrate of the fungus Fusarium oxysporum. Cytol Genet 53:307–314
Acknowledgements
Financial assistance from Indian Council of Agricultural Research -Central Assistance Scheme provided by the Dean, College of Horticulture, Dr. Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP) is highly acknowledged. The authors are thankful to Dr. IM Sharma, Retd. Professor and Head, Department of Plant Pathology of the University, for providing the pathogen isolates and giving his useful suggestions and expertise.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
The authors declare that the study was carried out following accepted professional conduct. However, no ethical approval was needed for the study as it did not involve the use of animals or human objects.
Potential conflicts of interest
The authors have no conflicting interests, and all authors have approved the manuscript and agree with its submission to Journal of Plant Pathology.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Verma, S., Modgil, M. & Patidar, S. In vitro screening of apple rootstock MM106 somaclones with Phytophthora cactorum culture filtrate. J Plant Pathol 103, 231–240 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42161-020-00722-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42161-020-00722-z