Abstract
Habitat loss and fragmentation threat animal populations worldwide. Agriculture has changed the Cerrado’s landscape, in central Brazil, where native vegetation remnants are embedded in a non-natural matrix that can be resistant to animal movement. Felines, as carnivores, play an important ecosystem role as predators and are sensitive to habitat fragmentation. The long-term sustainability of small cat populations depends on the connectivity among natural remnants. The Emas National Park (ENP) is an important protected area located in the southwestern of the state of Goiás, a region highly modified by agriculture. We evaluated the landscape connectivity in the surrounding landscape of the ENP for small wildcats of the Cerrado; the margay, southern tiger cat, pampas cat, ocelot and the jaguarundi, based on their dispersal ability and habitat preferences. The habitat availability varied according to each species, the jaguarundi being the species with more habitat available and the margay with less. The ENP is important for the pampas cat and jaguarundi, and the Taquari River Sources State Park (TRSSP) is important for the ocelot, jaguarundi and for the southern tiger cat. The region is of great biological relevance and the lack of remnants around the ENP evidence failure in land management. The method used is a tool to identify priority fragments for conservation and management of the landscape for biodiversity.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The authors provide supplementary materials for consultation.
References
Adrados B, Zanin M, Silveira L et al (2019) Non-invasive genetic identification of two sympatric sister-species: ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) and margay (L. wiedii) in different biomes. Conserv Genet Resour 11:203–217. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12686-018-0992-5
Albert CH, Rayfield B, Dumitru M, Gonzalez A (2017) Applying network theory to prioritize multispecies habitat networks that are robust to climate and land-use change. Conserv Biol 31:1383–1396. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12943
Almeida SP, Sano SM (1998) Cerrado: ambiente e flora. Embrapa Cerrados, Brasília
Bagno MA, Rodrigues FHG, Villalobos MP et al (2004) Notes on the natural history and conservation status of pampas cat, Oncifelis colocolo, in the Brazilian Cerrado. Mammalia 68:75–79. https://doi.org/10.1515/mamm.2004.011
Benedito-Cecilio E, Minte-Vera CV, Zawadzki CH et al (2004) Ichthyofauna from the Emas National Park region: composition and structure. Braz J Biol 64:371–382. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842004000300002
Benites M, Mamede SB (2008) Mamíferos e aves Como instrumento de educação e conservação ambiental em corredores de biodiversidade no Cerrado, Brasil. Mastozoología Neotropical 15:261–271
Bernasol WP, Lima-Ribeiro MS (2010) Estrutura espacial e diamétrica de espécies arbóreas e seus condicionantes em um fragmento de cerrado sentido restrito no sudoeste goiano. Hoehnea 37:181–198
Bonanomi J, Tortato FR, Gomes RSR et al (2019) Protecting forests at the expense of native grasslands: land-use policy encourages open-habitat loss in the Brazilian cerrado biome. Perspect Ecol Conserv 17:26–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecon.2018.12.002
Boron V, Deere NJ, Xofis P et al (2019) Richness, diversity, and factors influencing occupancy of mammal communities across human-modified landscapes in Colombia. Biol Conserv 232:108–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.01.030
Brasil (2000). Lei n° 9.985, de 18 de julho de 2000. Regulamenta o art. 225, § 1o, incisos I, II, III e VII da Constituição Federal, institui o Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação da Natureza e dá outras providências
Buss G, Lokschin LX, Setubal RB, Teixeira FZ (2007) A abordagem de espécie-Bandeira na Educação Ambiental: estudo de Caso do bugio-ruivo (Alouatta guariba) e o Programa Macacos Urbanos. In: Gorczevski C (ed) Direitos Humanos. Educação e Meio Ambiente. Evangraf, Porto Alegre, pp 165–185
Calaça A, Melo F, De Marco JP et al (2010) A influência da fragmentação sobre a distribuição de carnívoros em uma paisagem de cerrado. Neotrop Biol Conserv 5:31–38. https://doi.org/10.4013/nbc.2010.51.05
Calaça A, Fachi M, Silva DA et al (2018) Mammals recorded in isolated remnants of Atlantic Forest in southern Goiás, Brazil. Biota Neotrop 19:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1590/1676-0611-bn-2018-0575
Chiarello AG, Aguiar LDS, Cerqueira R et al (2008) Mamíferos. In: Machado ABM, Drummond GM, Paglia AP (eds) Livro vermelho da fauna brasileira ameaçada de extinção. Biodiversidade, Brasília, pp 680–880
Clozato CL, Miranda FR, Lara-Ruiz P et al (2017) Population structure and genetic diversity of the giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla: Myrmecophagidae, Pilosa) in Brazil. Genet Mol Biol 40:50–60. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2016-0104
Coutinho LM (2000) O bioma do Cerrado. In: Klein AL (ed) Eugen warming e o cerrado brasileiro: um século depois. UNESP, São Paulo, pp 77–92
Couvet D (2002) Deleterious effects of restricted gene flow in fragmented populations. Conserv Biol 16:369–376. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.99518.x
Craven D, Filotas E, Angers VA, Messier C (2016) Evaluating resilience of tree communities in fragmented landscapes: linking functional response diversity with landscape connectivity. Divers Distrib 22:505–518. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12423
da Cunha HF, Ferreira AA, Brandão D (2007) Composição e fragmentação do Cerrado em Goiás usando Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG). Bol Goiano Geogr 27:139–152
del Rio CM, Dugelby B, Foreman D et al (2001) The importance of large carnivores to healthy ecosystems. Endanger Species Updat 18:202–210
Di Minin E, Slotow R, Hunter LTB et al (2016) Global priorities for national carnivore conservation under land use change. Sci Rep 6:23814. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep23814
Dickson BG, Beier P (2002) Home-range and habitat selection by adult cougars in southern California. J Wildl Manag 66:1235. https://doi.org/10.2307/3802956
Doherty TS, Dickman CR, Glen AS et al (2017) The global impacts of domestic dogs on threatened vertebrates. Biol Conserv 210:56–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.04.007
Espinosa CC, Trigo TC, Tirelli FP et al (2018) Geographic distribution modeling of the margay (Leopardus wiedii) and jaguarundi (Puma yagouaroundi): a comparative assessment. J Mammal 99:252–262. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyx152
Fahrig L (2013) Rethinking patch size and isolation effects: the habitat amount hypothesis. J Biogeogr 40:1649–1663. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12130
Figueiredo M, Cervini M, Rodrigues F et al (2015) Lack of population genetic structuring in ocelots (Leopardus pardalis) in a fragmented landscape. Diversity 7:295–306. https://doi.org/10.3390/d7030295
Fleschutz MM, Gálvez N, Pe’er G et al (2016) Response of a small felid of conservation concern to habitat fragmentation. Biodivers Conserv 25:1447–1463. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-016-1118-6
Françoso RD, Brandão R, Nogueira CC et al (2015) Habitat loss and the effectiveness of protected areas in the Cerrado biodiversity hotspot. Nat Conserv 13:35–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ncon.2015.04.001
Furtado MM, Hayashi EMK, Allendorf SD et al (2016) Exposure of free-ranging wild carnivores and domestic dogs to canine distemper virus and parvovirus in the Cerrado of Central Brazil. Ecohealth 13:549–557. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-016-1146-4
Gamarra RM, Teixeira-Gamarra MC, Carrijo MGG, Filho ACP (2016) Uso do ndvi na análise da estrutura da vegetação e efetividade da proteção de unidade de conservação no cerrado. Raega - O Espaço Geográfico em Análise 37:307. https://doi.org/10.5380/raega.v37i0.42454
Gardiner R, Bain G, Hamer R et al (2018) Habitat amount and quality, not patch size, determine persistence of a woodland-dependent mammal in an agricultural landscape. Landsc Ecol 33:1837–1849. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-018-0722-0
Haag T, Santos AS, Sana DA et al (2010) The effect of habitat fragmentation on the genetic structure of a top predator: loss of diversity and high differentiation among remnant populations of Atlantic Forest jaguars (Panthera onca). Mol Ecol 19:4906–4921. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04856.x
Hearn AJ, Cushman SA, Goossens B et al (2018) Evaluating scenarios of landscape change for Sunda clouded leopard connectivity in a human dominated landscape. Biol Conserv 222:232–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2018.04.016
Henein K, Merriam G (1990) The elements of connectivity where corridor quality is variable. Landsc Ecol 4:157–170. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00132858
Henle K, Davies KF, Kleyer M et al (2004) Predictors of species sensitivity to fragmentation. Biodivers Conserv 13:207–251. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BIOC.0000004319.91643.9e
Huijser MP, Abra FD, Duffield JW (2013) Mammal road mortality and cost-benefit analyses of mitigation measures aimed at reducing collisions with capybara (Hydrochoerus hidrochaeris) in São Paulo state, Brazil. Oecologia Aust 17:129–146. https://doi.org/10.4257/oeco.2013.1701.11
IBAMA IB do MA e dos RR (2004) Plano de Manejo do Parque Nacional das Emas. Ministério do Meio Ambiente - MMA, Brasília
Inskip C, Zimmermann A (2009) Human-felid conflict: a review of patterns and priorities worldwide. Oryx 43:18. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003060530899030X
Janečka JE, Tewes ME, Laack LL et al (2011) Reduced genetic diversity and isolation of remnant ocelot populations occupying a severely fragmented landscape in southern Texas. Anim Conserv 14:608–619. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1795.2011.00475.x
Kasper CB, Schneider A, Oliveira TG (2016) Home range and density of three sympatric felids in the southern Atlantic Forest, Brazil. Brazilian. J Biol 76:228–232. https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.19414
Klink CA, Machado RB (2005) Conservation of the Brazilian Cerrado. Conserv Biol 19:707–713. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00702.x
Konecny MJ (1989) Movement patterns and food habits of four sympatric carnivore species in Belize, Central America. In: Redford KH, Eisenberg JF (eds) Advances in Neotropical Mammology. Sandhill Crane Press, Gainesville, Florida, pp 243–264
Kramer-Schadt S, Kaiser TS, Frank K, Wiegand T (2011) Analyzing the effect of stepping stones on target patch colonisation in structured landscapes for Eurasian lynx. Landsc Ecol 26:501–513. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-011-9576-4
Lacy RC (1997) Importance of genetic variation to the viability of mammalian populations. J Mammal 78:320–335. https://doi.org/10.2307/1382885
León-Ortega M, Martínez JE, Pérez E et al (2017) The contribution of non-protected areas to the conservation of Eurasian eagle-owls in Mediterranean ecosystems. Ecosphere 8:e01952. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.1952
Lessa LG, Alves H, Geise L, Barreto RMF (2012) Mammals of medium and large size in a fragmented cerrado landscape in northeastern Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Check List 8:192. https://doi.org/10.15560/8.2.192
Lima-Ribeiro MDS (2008) Efeitos de borda sobre a vegetação e estruturação populacional em fragmentos de Cerradão no Sudoeste Goiano, Brasil. Acta Bot Brasilica 22:535–545. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-33062008000200020
Lyra-Jorge MC, Ciocheti G, Pivello VR (2008) Carnivore mammals in a fragmented landscape in northeast of São Paulo state, Brazil. Biodivers Conserv 17:1573–1580. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-008-9366-8
Maciel FG, Rufo DA, Keuroghlian A et al (2019) Genetic diversity and population structure of white-lipped peccaries (Tayassu pecari) in the Pantanal, Cerrado and Atlantic Forest from Brazil. Mamm Biol 95:85–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mambio.2019.03.001
McClure ML, Dickson BG, Nicholson KL (2017) Modeling connectivity to identify current and future anthropogenic barriers to movement of large carnivores: a case study in the American southwest. Ecol Evol 7:3762–3772. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2939
Metzger JP (2001) O que é ecologia de paisagens? Biota Neotrop 1:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032001000100006
Michalski F, Crawshaw PG, Oliveira TG, Fabián ME (2006) Notes on home range and habitat use of three small carnivore species in a disturbed vegetation mosaic of southeastern Brazil / notes Sur le territoire et l’utilisation de l’habitat de trois espèces de petits carnivores dans Une végétation mosaïque perturb. Mammalia 70:52–57. https://doi.org/10.1515/MAMM.2006.004
Moraes MCP, de Mello K, Toppa RH (2015) Análise da paisagem de uma zona de amortecimento Como subsídio Para o planejamento e gestão de Unidades de Conservação. Rev Árvore 39:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1590/0100-67622015000100001
Mortelliti A, Boitani L (2008) Interaction of food resources and landscape structure in determining the probability of patch use by carnivores in fragmented landscapes. Landsc Ecol 23:285–298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-007-9182-7
Napolitano C, Díaz D, Sanderson J et al (2015) Reduced genetic diversity and increased dispersal in guigna (Leopardus guigna) in Chilean fragmented landscapes. J Hered 106:522–536. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esv025
Nascimento JL, Campos IB (2011) Atlas da fauna brasileira ameaçada de extinção em unidades de conservação federais. Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade - ICMBio, Brasília
Neto C de M e S, Carneiro VA, Gonçalves BB (2015) Fauna atropelada nas estradas do município de Chapadão do Céu (Goiás, Brasil). Rev Percurso 7:97–114. https://doi.org/10.4025/percurso.v7i1.24915
Newbold T, Hudson LN, Hill SLL et al (2015) Global effects of land use on local terrestrial biodiversity. Nature 520:45–50. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14324
Oliveira TG (1998) Leopardus wiedii. Mamm Species 1. https://doi.org/10.2307/3504400
Oliveira TG (2008) Leopardus tigrinus. In: Machado ABM, Drummond GM, Paglia AP (eds) Livro vermelho da fauna brasileira ameaçada de extinção. Ministério do Meio Ambiente - MMA, Fundação Biodiversitas, Brasília, pp 787–788
Oliveira TG (2011) Ecologia e conservação de pequenos felinos no Brasil e suas implicações Para o manejo. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
Oliveira TG, Bianchi RC (2008) Leopardus pardalis mitis. In: Machado ABM, Drummond GM, Paglia AP (eds) Livro vermelho da fauna brasileira ameaçada de extinção. Ministério do Meio Ambiente - MMA, Fundação Biodiversitas, Brasília, pp 785–786
Oliveira TG, Cassaro K (1999) Guia de identificação dos felinos brasileiros, 2nd ed. Sociedade de Zoológicos do Brasil, São Paulo
Oliveira TG, Cassaro K (2005) Guia de campo dos felinos do Brasil. Instituto Pró-Carnívoros/Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo/SZB/Pró-Vida Brasil, São Paulo
Oliveira TG, Pereira JA (2014) Intraguild predation and interspecific killing as structuring forces of carnivoran communities in South America. J Mamm Evol 21:427–436. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10914-013-9251-4
Oliveira TG, Tortato M, Silveira L et al (2010) Ocelot ecology and its effect on the small-felid guild in the lowland neotropics. In: Macdonald DW, Loveridge AJ (eds) Biology and conservation of the wild felids. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 559–580
Oliveira TG, Trigo T, Tortato M et al (2016) Leopardus guttulus, southern Tiger cat. IUCN red list threat species e.T5401047. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T54010476A54010576.en
Oliveira-Santos LGR, Graipel ME, Tortato MA et al (2012) Abundance changes and activity flexibility of the oncilla, Leopardus tigrinus (Carnivora: Felidae), appear to reflect avoidance of conflict. Zool 29:115–120. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-46702012000200003
Paglia AP, da Fonseca GAB, Rylands AB et al (2012) Lista anotada dos mamíferos do Brasil / annotated checklist of brazilian mammals, 2a Edição. Occasional papers in conservation biology. Conservation International, Arlington, VA
Pardini R (2004) Effects of forest fragmentation on small mammals in an Atlantic Forest landscape. Biodivers Conserv 13:2567–2586. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BIOC.0000048452.18878.2d
Pascual-Hortal L, Saura S (2006) Comparison and development of new graph-based landscape connectivity indices: towards the priorization of habitat patches and corridors for conservation. Landsc Ecol 21:959–967. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-006-0013-z
Paviolo A, Crawshaw P, Caso A et al (2015) Leopardus pardalis, ocelot. IUCN red list threatened species e.T11509A9. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T11509A50653476.en
Peel MC, Finlayson BL, McMahon TA (2007) Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 11:1633–1644. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007
Pereira VHC, Cestaro LA (2016) Corredores ecológicos no Brasil: avaliação sobre os principais critérios utilizados para definição de áreas potenciais. Caminhos Geogr 17:16–33. https://doi.org/10.14393/RCG175802
Prevedello JA, Vieira MV (2010) Does the type of matrix matter? A quantitative review of the evidence. Biodivers Conserv 19:1205–1223. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-009-9750-z
Rambaldi DM, Oliveira DA (2003) Fragmentação de ecossistemas - causas, efeitos sobre a biodiversidade e recomendações de políticas públicas. Ministério do Meio Ambiente - MMA, Secretaria de Biodiversidade e Florestas, Brasília
Roberge J-M, Angelstam P (2004) Usefulness of the umbrella species concept as a conservation tool. Conserv Biol 18:76–85. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00450.x
Rodrigues FHG, Monteiro-Filho ELA (2000) Home range and activity patterns of pampas deer in Emas National Park, Brazil. J Mammal 81:1136–1142. https://doi.org/10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<1136:HRAAPO>2.0.CO;2
Rodrigues FHG, Silveira L, Jácomo ATA et al (2002) Composição e caracterização da fauna de mamíferos do Parque Nacional das Emas, Goiás, Brasil. Rev Bras Zool 19:589–600. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752002000200015
Rodrigues F, Garcia J, Ramos P et al (2007) Genetic diversity of two Brazilian populations of the pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus, Linnaeus 1758). Brazilian J Biol 67:805–811. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842007000500002
Rubio L, Bodin Ö, Brotons L, Saura S (2015) Connectivity conservation priorities for individual patches evaluated in the present landscape: how durable and effective are they in the long term? Ecography (Cop) 38:782–791. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.00935
Rylands AB, Brandon K (2005) Unidades de conservação brasileiras. Megadiversidade 1:27–35
Sano EE, Rosa R, Brito JLS, Ferreira LG (2010) Land cover mapping of the tropical savanna region in Brazil. Environ Monit Assess 166:113–124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-009-0988-4
Santini L, Saura S, Rondinini C (2016) Connectivity of the global network of protected areas. Divers Distrib 22:199–211. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12390
Sarmento P, Cruz J, Tarroso P, Fonseca C (2006) Space and habitat selection by female european wild cats (Felis silvestris silvestris). Wildl Biol Pract 2(2):79-89. https://doi.org/10.2461/wbp.2006.2.10
Saura S, Pascual-Hortal L (2007) A new habitat availability index to integrate connectivity in landscape conservation planning: comparison with existing indices and application to a case study. Landsc Urban Plan 83:91–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.03.005
Saura S, Rubio L (2010) A common currency for the different ways in which patches and links can contribute to habitat availability and connectivity in the landscape. Ecography (Cop) 33:523–537. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2009.05760.x
Saura S, Torné J (2012) Conefor 2.6 user manual (April 2012). In: Univ. Politécnica Madrid. www.conefor.org.
Saura S, Estreguil C, Mouton C, Rodríguez-Freire M (2011) Network analysis to assess landscape connectivity trends: application to European forests (1990-2000). Ecol Indic 11:407–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2010.06.011
Schüßler D, Mantilla-Contreras J, Stadtmann R et al (2020) Identification of crucial stepping stone habitats for biodiversity conservation in northeastern Madagascar using remote sensing and comparative predictive modeling. Biodivers Conserv 29:2161–2184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-020-01965-z
Sepúlveda MA, Singer RS, Silva-Rodríguez E et al (2014) Domestic dogs in rural communities around protected areas: conservation problem or conflict solution? PLoS One 9:e86152. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0086152
Silva-Rodríguez EA, Sieving KE (2012) Domestic dogs shape the landscape-scale distribution of a threatened forest ungulate. Biol Conserv 150:103–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2012.03.008
Silveira L, Jácomo ATA, Diniz-Filho JAF (2003) Camera trap, line transect census and track surveys: a comparative evaluation. Biol Conserv 114:351–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(03)00063-6
Silveira L, Jácomo AT, Furtado MM (2005) Pampas cat ecology and conservation in the Brazilian grasslands
Simberloff D (1998) Flagships, umbrellas, and keystones: is single-species management passé in the landscape era? Biol Conserv 83:247–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(97)00081-5
Smith JA, Duane TP, Wilmers CC (2019) Moving through the matrix: promoting permeability for large carnivores in a human-dominated landscape. Landsc Urban Plan 183:50–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2018.11.003
Soares VCN, Peña AP, Pires RAP et al (2010) Os mamíferos dos canaviais de Quirinópolis, Cachoeira Dourada, Itumbiara e Goiatuba, Goiás, Brasil. Estud 37:351–368. https://doi.org/10.18224/est.v37i2.1485
Sunquist ME, Sunquist F (2002) Wild cats of the world. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Sutherland GD, Harestad AS, Price K, Lertzman K (2000) Scaling of natal dispersal distances in terrestrial birds and mammals. Conserv Ecol 4:16. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-00184-040116
Tambosi LR, Martensen AC, Ribeiro MC, Metzger JP (2014) A framework to optimize biodiversity restoration efforts based on habitat amount and landscape connectivity. Restor Ecol 22:169–177. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12049
Taylor PD, Fahrig L, Henein K, Merriam G (1993) Connectivity is a vital element of landscape structure. Oikos 68:571. https://doi.org/10.2307/3544927
Thomé R (2017) Manual de Direito Ambiental. JusPODIVM, Salvador
Thornton D, Zeller K, Rondinini C et al (2016) Assessing the umbrella value of a range-wide conservation network for jaguars ( Panthera onca ). Ecol Appl 26:15–0602.1. https://doi.org/10.1890/15-0602.1
Timo TPDC, Lyra-Jorge MC, Gheler-Costa C, Verdade LM (2015) Effect of the plantation age on the use of Eucalyptus stands by medium to large-sized wild mammals in South-Eastern Brazil. iForest - Biogeosciences For 8:108–113. https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor1237-008
Vidolin GP, Braga FG (2004) Ocorrência e uso da área por carnívoros silvestres no Parque Estadual do Cerrado, Jaguariaíva, Paraná. Cad da Biodiversidade 4:29–36
Western D, Russell S, Cuthill I (2009) The status of wildlife in protected areas compared to non-protected areas of Kenya. PLoS One 4:e6140. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0006140
With KA (2019) Essentials of landscape ecology. Oxford University Press
Zanin M, Palomares F, Brito D (2015) What we (don’t) know about the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on felids. Oryx 49:96–106. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605313001609
Acknowledgments
We thank Sara Villén-Pérez, Lilian Patrícia Sales Macedo, Paulo Vitor dos Santos Bernardo, and Paulo De Marco Júnior, for the valuable comments on earlier versions of this manuscript. We thank our colleagues from TheMetaLand laboratory for discussing our results and giving important insights, and Jessica Martins Gregório for the English review.
Funding
The authors were supported by fellowships from the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico — CNPq (FGL - 380859/2020-3; MFD – 150488/2019-0; PM - 403347/2014-9).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
FGL: conceptualization, formal analysis, data curation, and writing. MFD: methodology, software, writing, and review. PM: supervision, writing, and review.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflicts of interests/Competing interests
The authors declare no competing personal nor financial interests.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
ESM 1
(XLSX 140 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lima, F.G., Diniz, M.F. & Mendes, P. Ranking habitat importance for small wildcats in the Brazilian savanna: landscape connectivity as a conservation tool. Biologia 76, 1517–1527 (2021). https://doi.org/10.2478/s11756-020-00660-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/s11756-020-00660-2