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House Societies in the Ancient Mediterranean (2000–500 BC)

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Journal of World Prehistory Aims and scope

Abstract

House societies have become popular with archaeologists in recent years, due to (among other things) their conspicuous material basis (wealth, heirlooms and the houses themselves). As yet, however, most archaeological studies have focused only on individual societies. In this article, we offer a comparative and long-term approach to the phenomenon, using as case studies the Bronze Age and Iron Age communities of the Levant, the Aegean and the central Mediterranean. We describe the elements that define them as house societies and examine their evolution through time. We follow a strictly Lévi-Straussian definition of the house that prevents the concept from losing heuristic power. Using this definition, we consider that houses are to be found in ranked societies without centralization and in complex agropastoral systems, like those of the Mediterranean, where agricultural soil is scarce and liable to be monopolized. We argue that the house emerges in these competitive contexts as an institution to control land and retain patrimony undivided. Through a combination of archaeological and written sources, we try to demonstrate that it is possible to document several strategies used by house societies to acquire and retain power and wealth, including dowry, levirate, a bilateral system of marriage alliances, ancestor cults, specific architectures and house treasures. The case studies addressed here offer good comparative material for assessing similar processes elsewhere. At the same time, we argue that the Mediterranean area developed a particular ideology, that of the shepherd ruler, that was essential to legitimate the house.

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Fig. 1
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Adapted from Koukouli-Chrysantaki et al. (2007); Mellaart (1967) and Driessen and Fiasse (2011)

Fig. 3

(adapted from Caillot 1983)

Fig. 4

Adapted from Caillot (1994); Woolley (1938) and Herzog (1997)

Fig. 5

(adapted from Salles 1995)

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(adapted from Mazarakis-Ainian 1997)

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(adapted from Ducrey 2005)

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(adapted from Valera and Valera 2006)

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(adapted from Murru 1995)

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Acknowledgments

We thank Ana Rodríguez-Mayorgas for references and key insights regarding early Latial society. We are grateful for the suggestions and criticisms of the editor and anonymous reviewers that have helped to improve the article.

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  1. Institute of Heritage Sciences – Spanish National Research Council (Incipit-CSIC), Avenida de Vigo s.n., 15705, Santiago de Compostela, Spain

    Alfredo González-Ruibal

  2. Department of Prehistory, Faculty of Geography and History, Complutense University of Madrid, Avenida del Profesor Aranguren s.n., Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain

    Marisa Ruiz-Gálvez

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González-Ruibal, A., Ruiz-Gálvez, M. House Societies in the Ancient Mediterranean (2000–500 BC). J World Prehist 29, 383–437 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10963-016-9098-8

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