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Bloodwood: the composition and secreting-site of the characteristic red exudate that gives the name to the Swartzia species (Fabaceae)

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Abstract

The Swartzia species are commonly known as bloodwood due to the red exudate released from the stem after injury. This exudate has aroused great interest, and an integrative study is essential to describe it in detail. Thus, this work aimed to identify the red exudate’s secreting-site in S. flaemingii and S. langsdorffii, and determine if it is a latex or a resin. Samples of the stem bark and the secondary xylem were prepared for histological analysis. Fresh exudates were dissolved in deuterated methanol and analyzed by 1H-NMR; other samples were resuspended in MeOH:H2O (9:1), partitioned with organic solvents and analyzed by direct infusion mass spectrometry. Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were determined spectrophotometrically, and antioxidant capacity was determined using ferric reducing antioxidant power assay. The results showed that the exudate is a red latex produced by articulated laticifers located among the phloem cells. The latex is composed of sucrose, catechin glucosides, chlorophyll derivatives, and hederagenin-type saponins. Both samples of S. flaemingii and S. langsdorffii presented high amounts of phenolics and flavonoids, as well as a strong antioxidant capacity. The anatomical study showed that the secreting-site of the Swartzia red exudates were laticifers. This finding allows us to exclude other substances such as resin or oleoresin, generally produced by secretory cavities or ducts. Furthermore, since laticifers are rare in Fabaceae, this finding is significant, and represents an essential taxonomic feature. The showy red color is due to the large amounts of flavonoids. This latex probably has a protective role against microorganisms and photodamage. The bioactive potential of this exudate inspires further studies, which may boost the economic importance of Swartzia.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank João Paulo Basso-Alves for assistance in collecting the samples and David Graham Straker for revising the English. This research was supported by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico—CNPq (process numbers: 421121/2016-5, 302806/2019-9, and the scholarship for the first author) and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro – FAPERJ (process numbers: E-23/203.026/2017, E-26/202.752/2018). We are also thankful to the Associate Editor, Shigemi Seo, and the two anonymous reviewers for valuable comments that improved our manuscript.

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  1. Departamento de Produtos Naturais e Alimentos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio De Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil

    Carolina Alcantara de Oliveira, Leopoldo Clemente Baratto, Suzana Guimarães Leitão, Michele Nunes Santana, Igor Almeida Rodrigues & Juliana Villela Paulino

  2. Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, DIPEQ, Rua Pacheco Leão 915, Rio De Janeiro, RJ, 22460-030, Brazil

    Vidal de Freitas Mansano

  3. Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil

    Simone Pádua Teixeira

  4. Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Outeriro São João Batista, s/n, Niterói, RJ, 24020-141, Brazil

    Arno Fritz das Neves Brandes

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  1. Carolina Alcantara de Oliveira
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Contributions

CAO, VFM, SPT and JVP originally formulated the idea; LCB and SGL conducted the chemical analyzes; AFNB, CAO, and JVP carried out the histological analyzes; MNS and IAR conducted the TPC and TFC assays and the antioxidant assays, and performed statistical analysis. All authors contributed to the writing of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Juliana Villela Paulino.

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de Oliveira, C.A., Mansano, V., Teixeira, S.P. et al. Bloodwood: the composition and secreting-site of the characteristic red exudate that gives the name to the Swartzia species (Fabaceae). J Plant Res 134, 127–139 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-020-01246-4

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