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Climate change as the dominant driver of recent ecological changes in a semi-arid alpine lake from the Chinese Loess Plateau

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Abstract

Semi-arid areas of northern China are under increasing pressures from anthropogenic activities and climate change. Although wetland areas in these drylands have experienced dramatic, unidirectional shifts in their ecological status in recent centuries, fundamental driving forces are poorly quantified. Here, we examine changes in sedimentary proxies (diatoms, spectrally-inferred chlorophyll-a, stable isotopes) preserved in a radiometrically-dated core from Tianchi Lake, an alpine lake within the margin of the East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM) limit in China’s southwestern Loess Plateau. Our algal trends were compared with regional instrumental records, changes in EASM intensity, and with previously published paleolimnological data from this same lake to determine the principal drivers of regional ecological changes. We found no clear evidence that geochemical and biological proxies were strongly affected by deforestation and other human activities. Major environmental changes during the past ~ 200 years were found to be predominantly driven by climatic fluctuations, extreme precipitation events, and changes in EASM intensity. Prior to ~ 1965 CE, diatom assemblages indicate an oligotrophic, clear water state. Shifts in dominance between benthic Staurosirella pinnata and planktonic Lindavia comensis were likely controlled by ice-cover dynamics. Between ~ 1965 and 1980 CE an abrupt shift to a turbid water state during a period of extreme precipitation events was caused by excessive nutrient-laden soil erosion in the already susceptible deforested catchment. This turbid period was evidenced by a rapid increase to dominance of Achnanthidium minutissimum, a sharp decline in oligotrophic Lindavia comensis, increased primary production, and peaks in sediment grain size and SiO2 content. Post- ~ 1980 CE, we provide evidence that a shift towards planktonic diatom dominance can best be explained by changes in climate and EASM intensity, despite substantial nitrogen deposition in the region during the past few decades. Specifically, a drier and warmer climate together with weakened EASM wind strength resulted in decreased erosion and a return to a clear water state, coupled with enhanced thermal stability. Collectively, these observations expand our understanding of how changes in climate, extreme precipitation events, and fluctuations in EASM intensity influence semi-arid alpine lakes in northern China, as well as climate’s leading role in driving ecological change over the past two centuries, despite the intensification of human disturbances during recent decades.

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Acknowledgements

We sincerely thank Wengang Kang and Jie Chen for helpful suggestions; Ruo Li and Haoran Jiao for assistance in preparing the figures; and Dr. Jan Bloemendal for English improvement on earlier drafts. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants 41722105, 41790421).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Science, Center for Pan Third Pole Environment (Pan-TPE), Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China

    Xinwei Yan, Jianbao Liu & Fahu Chen

  2. CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China

    Jianbao Liu & Fahu Chen

  3. Paleoecological Environmental Assessment and Research Lab (PEARL), Department of Biology, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada

    Kathleen M. Rühland & John P. Smol

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  1. Xinwei Yan
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  2. Jianbao Liu
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  3. Kathleen M. Rühland
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  4. John P. Smol
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  5. Fahu Chen
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Correspondence to Jianbao Liu.

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Yan, X., Liu, J., Rühland, K.M. et al. Climate change as the dominant driver of recent ecological changes in a semi-arid alpine lake from the Chinese Loess Plateau. J Paleolimnol 68, 39–57 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-020-00167-5

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