Abstract
The objective of this study was to produce an antioxidant and hydrophobic membrane formed by ultrafine fibers using poly (lactic acid) (PLA) 8% and different concentrations of lignin from rice husk [(0.5%, 1.5% or 2.5% (w v−1)] dissolved in chloroform/acetone (3:1) solvent, by electrospinning technique. The ultrafine fibers were characterized by morphology, diameter distribution, functional groups, thermal stability, hydrophobicity and antioxidant capacity. The morphology showed ultrafine fibers with average diameters between 314 and 587 nm and the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated thermally stable fibers, with a peak of degradation around 360 ºC. The wettability analysis performed with distilled water showed that all treatments had a hydrophobic surface, with contact angles between 100.3° and 101.8°. The ultrafine fibers containing 2.5% lignin exhibited the highest antioxidant activity, with inhibition of around 70% for both radicals, DDPH and ABTS. Thus, the ultrafine fibers membrane proved promising for application as food packaging with thermal stability, hydrophobicity surface and antioxidant activity.
Graphic abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
Availability of data and material (data transparency)
Not applicable.
References
Aadil KR, Mussatto SI, Jha H (2018) Synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles loaded poly (vinyl alcohol)-lignin electrospun nanofibers and their antimicrobial activity. Int J Biol Macromol 120:763–767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.08.109
Ago M, Okajima K, Jakes JE, Park S, Rojas OJ (2012) Lignin-based electrospun nanofibers reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals. Biomacromol 13(3):918–926. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm201828g
Ahmad NA, Leo CP, Ahmad AL, Ramli WKW (2015) Membranes with great hydrophobicity: a review on preparation and characterization. Separ Purif Rev 44(2):109–134. https://doi.org/10.1080/15422119.2013.848816
Alharbi HF, Luqman M, Fouad H, Khalil KA, Alharthi NH (2018) Viscoelastic behavior of core-shell structured nanofibers of PLA and PVA produced by coaxial electrospinning. Polym Testing 67:136–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2018.02.026
Altan A, Aytac Z, Uyar T (2018) Carvacrol loaded electrospun fibrous films from zein and poly (lactic acid) for active food packaging. Food Hydrocoll 81:48–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.02.028
Arrieta MP, Fortunati E, Dominici F, Rayón E, López J, Kenny JM (2014) PLA-PHB/cellulose based films: mechanical, barrier and disintegration properties. Polym Degrad Stab 107:139–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.05.010
Beck RJ, Zhao Y, Fong H, Menkhaus TJ (2017) Electrospun lignin carbon nanofiber membranes with large pores for highly efficient adsorptive water treatment applications. J Water Process Eng 16:240–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2017.02.002
Bhushani JA, Anandharamakrishnan C (2014) Electrospinning and electrospraying techniques: potential food based applications. Trends Food Sci Technol 38(1):21–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2014.03.004
Bourgin PBAULP, Cormeau IBACI, Saint-Matin TBAULP (1995) A first step towards the modelling of the thermoforming of plastic sheets. J Mater Process Technol 54(1–4):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/0924-0136(95)01910-3
Brand-Williams W, Cuvelier ME, Berset CLWT (1995) Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT-Food Sci Technol 28(1):25–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0023-6438(95)80008-5
Bruni GP, de Oliveira JP, Gómez-Mascaraque LG, Fabra MJ, Martins VG, da Rosa Zavareze E, López-Rubio A (2020) Electrospun β-carotene–loaded SPI: PVA fiber mats produced by emulsion-electrospinning as bioactive coatings for food packaging. Food Pack Shelf Life 23:100426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fpsl.2019.100426
Collins MN, Nechifor M, Tanasă F, Zănoagă M, McLoughlin A, Stróżyk MA, Culebras M, Teacă CA (2019) Valorization of lignin in polymer and composite systems for advanced engineering applications–a review. Int J Biol Macromol 131:828–849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.069
Dallmeyer I, Ko F, Kadla JF (2010) Electrospinning of technical lignins for the production of fibrous networks. J Wood Chem Technol 30(4):315–329. https://doi.org/10.1080/02773813.2010.527782
Dalton N, Lynch RP, Collins MN, Culebras M (2019) Thermoelectric properties of electrospun carbon nanofibres derived from lignin. Int J Biol Macromol 121:472–479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.10.051
Deitzel JM, Kleinmeyer J, Harris DEA, Tan NB (2001) The effect of processing variables on the morphology of electrospun nanofibers and textiles. Polymer 42(1):261–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(00)00250-0
Dong X, Dong M, Lu Y, Turley A, Jin T, Wu C (2011) Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of lignin from residue of corn stover to ethanol production. Ind Crops Prod 34(3):1629–1634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2011.06.002
Dudefoi W, Villares A, Peyron S, Moreau C, Ropers MH, Gontard N, Cathala B (2018) Nanoscience and nanotechnologies for biobased materials, packaging and food applications: new opportunities and concerns. Innovat Food Sci Emerg Technol 46:107–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2017.09.007
El-Halal SLM, Fonseca LM, Evangelho JA, Bruni GP, Santos-Hackbart HC, Rosa-Zavareze E, Dias ARG (2019) Electrospun ultrafine fibers from black bean protein concentrates and polyvinyl alcohol. Food Biophys 14(4):446–455. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11483-019-09594-y
Espinoza-Acosta JL, Torres Chávez PI, Ramírez-Wong B, Bello-Pérez LA, Vega Ríos A, Carvajal Millán E, Jatomea MP, Ledesma Osuna AI (2015) Mechanical, thermal, and antioxidant properties of composite films prepared from durum wheat starch and lignin. Starch-Stärke 67(5–6):502–511. https://doi.org/10.1002/star.201500009
Fombuena V, Balart J, Boronat T, Sánchez-Nácher L, Garcia-Sanoguera D (2013) Improving mechanical performance of thermoplastic adhesion joints by atmospheric plasma. Mater Des 47:49–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2012.11.031
Fong H, Chun I, Reneker DH (1999) Beaded nanofibers formed during electrospinning. Polymer 40(16):4585–4592. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(99)00068-3
Fonseca LM, de Oliveira JP, Crizel RL, da Silva FT, da Rosa Zavareze E, Borges CD (2020) Electrospun starch fibers loaded with Pinhão (Araucaria angustifolia) coat extract rich in phenolic compounds. Food Biophys. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11483-020-09629-9
Gao Y, Qu W, Liu Y, Hu H, Cochran E, Bai X (2019) Agricultural residue-derived lignin as the filler of polylactic acid composites and the effect of lignin purity on the composite performance. J Appl Polym Sci 136(35):47915. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.47915
Gordobil O, Egüés I, Llano-Ponte R, Labidi J (2014) Physicochemical properties of PLA lignin blends. Polym Degrad Stab 108:330–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.01.002
Guo J, Chen X, Wang J, He Y, Xie H, Zheng Q (2020) The influence of compatibility on the structure and properties of PLA/Lignin biocomposites by chemical modification. Polymers 12(1):56. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12010056
Haider S, Al-Zeghayer Y, Ali FAA, Haider A, Mahmood A, Al-Masry WA, Imram M, Aijaz MO (2013) Highly aligned narrow diameter chitosan electrospun nanofibers. J Polym Res 20(4):105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-013-0105-9
Hendrick E, Frey M (2014) Increasing surface hydrophilicity in poly (lactic acid) electrospun fibers by addition of PLA-b-PEG co-polymers. J Eng Fibers Fabr 9(2):155892501400900220. https://doi.org/10.1177/155892501400900219
Härdelin L, Thunberg J, Perzon E, Westman G, Walkenström P, Gatenholm P (2012) Electrospinning of cellulose nanofibers from ionic liquids: the effect of different cosolvents. J Appl Polym Sci 125(3):1901–1909. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.36323
Jamshidian M, Tehrany EA, Imran M, Jacquot M, Desobry S (2010) Poly-lactic acid: production, applications, nanocomposites, and release studies. Compreh Rev Food Sci Food Saf 9(5):552–571. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-4337.2010.00126.x
Jem KJ, Tan B (2020) The development and challenges of poly (lactic acid) and poly (glycolic acid). Adv Ind Eng Polym Res 3(2):60–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aiepr.2020.01.002
Jin FL, Hu RR, Park SJ (2019) Improvement of thermal behaviors of biodegradable poly (lactic acid) polymer: a review. Compos B Eng 164:287–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.10.078
Kai D, Jiang S, Low ZW, Loh XJ (2015) Engineering highly stretchable lignin-based electrospun nanofibers for potential biomedical applications. J Mater Chem B 3(30):6194–6204. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5TB00765H
Kai D, Tan MJ, Chee PL, Chua YK, Yap YL, Loh XJ (2016) Towards lignin-based functional materials in a sustainable world. Green Chem 18(5):1175–1200. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5GC02616D
Kalami S, Chen N, Borazjani H, Nejad M (2018) Comparative analysis of different lignins as phenol replacement in phenolic adhesive formulations. Ind Crops Prod 125:520–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.09.037
Kim I, Viswanathan K, Kasi G, Sadeghi K, Thanakkasaranee S, Seo J (2019) Poly (lactic acid)/ZnO bionanocomposite films with positively charged ZnO as potential antimicrobial food packaging materials. Polymers 11(9):1427. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11091427
Klapiszewski Ł, Bula K, Sobczak M, Jesionowski T (2016) Influence of processing conditions on the thermal stability and mechanical properties of PP/silica-lignin composites. Int J Polym Sci. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/1627258
Lauberte L, Fabre G, Ponomarenko J, Dizhbite T, Evtuguin DV, Telysheva G, Trouillas P (2019) Lignin modification supported by DFT-based theoretical study as a way to produce competitive natural antioxidants. Molecules 24(9):1794. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24091794
Liao JJ, Abd Latif NH, Trache D, Brosse N, Hussin MH (2020) Current advancement on the isolation, characterization and application of lignin. Int J Biol Macromol 162:985–1024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.168
Lisperguer J, Perez P, Urizar S (2009) Structure and thermal properties of lignins: characterization by infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. J Chil Chem Soc 54(4):460–463. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-97072009000400030
Liu W, Dong Y, Liu D, Bai Y, Lu X (2018) Polylactic acid (PLA)/cellulose nanowhiskers (CNWs) composite nanofibers: microstructural and properties analysis. J Compos Sci 2(1):4. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs2010004
Michelin M, Liebentritt S, Vicente AA, Teixeira JA (2018) Lignin from an integrated process consisting of liquid hot water and ethanol organosolv: physicochemical and antioxidant properties. Int J Biol Macromol 120:159–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.08.046
Moreira JB, Terra ALM, Costa JAV, de Morais MG (2018) Development of pH indicator from PLA/PEO ultrafine fibers containing pigment of microalgae origin. Int J Biol Macromol 118:1855–1862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.07.028
Morão A, Bie F (2019) Life cycle impact assessment of polylactic acid (PLA) produced from sugarcane in Thailand. J Polym Environ 27(11):2523–2539. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-019-01525-9
Müller J, González-Martínez C, Chiralt A (2017) Poly (lactic) acid (PLA) and starch bilayer films, containing cinnamaldehyde, obtained by compression moulding. Eur Polymer J 95:56–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.07.019
Naseri N, Algan C, Jacobs V, John M, Oksman K, Mathew AP (2014) Electrospun chitosan-based nanocomposite mats reinforced with chitin nanocrystals for wound dressing. Carbohyd Polym 109:7–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.03.031
Nofar M, Sacligil D, Carreau PJ, Kamal MR, Heuzey MC (2019) Poly (lactic acid) blends: processing, properties and applications. Int J Biol Macromol 125:307–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.002
Oliveira JE, Moraes EA, Marconcini JM, Mattoso C, Glenn LH, Medeiros GM (2013) Properties of poly (lactic acid) and poly (ethylene oxide) solvent polymer mixtures and nanofibers made by solution blow spinning. J Appl Polym Sci 129(6):3672–3681. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.39061
Oroumei A, Fox B, Naebe M (2015) Thermal and rheological characteristics of biobased carbon fiber precursor derived from low molecular weight organosolv lignin. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 3(4):758–769. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.5b00097
Parit M, Saha P, Davis VA, Jiang Z (2018) Transparent and homogenous cellulose nanocrystal/lignin UV-protection films. ACS Omega 3(9):10679–10691. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.8b01345
Pelissari FM, Yamashita F, Garcia MA, Martino MN, Zaritzky NE, Grossmann MVE (2012) Constrained mixture design applied to the development of cassava starch–chitosan blown films. J Food Eng 108(2):262–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2011.09.004
Peters RJ, Bouwmeester H, Gottardo S, Amenta V, Arena M, Brandhoff P, Marvin HJP, Mech A, Moniz FP, Pesudo LQ, Rauscher H, Schoonjans R, Undas AK, Vettori MV, Weigel F, Aschberger K (2016) Nanomaterials for products and application in agriculture, feed and food. Trends Food Sci Technol 54:155–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2016.06.008
Poursorkhabi V, Mohanty AK, Misra M (2015) Electrospinning of aqueous lignin/poly(ethylene oxide) complexes. J Appl Polym Sci 132:2. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.41260
Radusin T, Torres-Giner S, Stupar A, Ristic I, Miletic A, Novakovic A, Lagaron JM (2019) Preparation, characterization and antimicrobial properties of electrospun polylactide films containing Allium ursinum L. extract. Food Pack Shelf Life 21:100357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fpsl.2019.100357
Ramakoti B, Dhanagopal H, Deepa K, Rajesh M, Ramaswamy S, Tamilarasan K (2019) Solvent fractionation of organosolv lignin to improve lignin homogeneity: structural characterization. Bioresour Technol Rep 7:100293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biteb.2019.100293
Ramezani N, Sain M (2018) Thermal and physiochemical characterization of lignin extracted from wheat straw by organosolv process. J Polym Environ 26(7):3109–3116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-018-1199-2
Re R, Pellegrini N, Proteggente A, Pannala A, Yang M, Rice-Evans C (1999) Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radical Biol Med 26(9–10):1231–1237. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00315-3
Salas C, Ago M, Lucia LA, Rojas OJ (2014) Synthesis of soy protein–lignin nanofibers by solution electrospinning. React Funct Polym 85:221–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2014.09.022
Scaffaro R, Lopresti F, D’Arrigo M, Marino A, Nostro A (2018) Efficacy of poly (lactic acid)/carvacrol electrospun membranes against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans in single and mixed cultures. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 102(9):4171–4181. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-018-8879-7
Sen S, Patil S, Argyropoulos DS (2015) Thermal properties of lignin in copolymers, blends, and composites: a review. Green Chem 17(11):4862–4887. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5GC01066G
Shankar S, Rhim JW, Won K (2018) Preparation of poly (lactide)/lignin/silver nanoparticles composite films with UV light barrier and antibacterial properties. Int J Biol Macromol 107:1724–1731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.10.038
Silva FT, da Cunha KF, Fonseca LM, Antunes MD, El-Halal SLM, Fiorentini AME, Zavareze R, Dias ARG (2018) Action of ginger essential oil (Zingiber officinale) encapsulated in proteins ultrafine fibers on the antimicrobial control in situ. Int J Biol Macromol 118:107–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.06.079
Silva TF, Menezes F, Montagna LS, Lemes AP, Passador FR (2019) Effect of lignin as accelerator of the biodegradation process of poly (lactic acid)/lignin composites. Mater Sci Eng B 251:114441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2019.114441
Singh SK, Dhepe PL (2016) Isolation of lignin by organosolv process from different varieties of rice husk: understanding their physical and chemical properties. Biores Technol 221:310–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.09.042
Tejado A, Pena C, Labidi J, Echeverria JM, Mondragon I (2007) Physico-chemical characterization of lignins from different sources for use in phenol–formaldehyde resin synthesis. Bioresour Technol 98(8):1655–1663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2006.05.042
Thangaraju N, Venkatalakshmi RP, Chinnasamy A, Kannaiyan P (2012) Synthesis of silver nanoparticles and the antibacterial and anticancer activities of the crude extract of Sargassum polycystum C. Agardh. Nano Biomed Eng 4(2):89–94. https://doi.org/10.5101/nbe.v4i2.p89-94
Wang J, Tian L, Luo B, Ramakrishna S, Kai D, Loh XJ, Yang HI, Deenr G, Mo X (2018) Engineering PCL/lignin nanofibers as an antioxidant scaffold for the growth of neuron and Schwann cell. Colloids Surf B 169:356–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.05.021
Wen P, Zong MH, Linhardt RJ, Feng K, Wu H (2017) Electrospinning: a novel nano-encapsulation approach for bioactive compounds. Trends Food Sci Technol 70:56–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2017.10.009
Wongsasulak S, Patapeejumruswong M, Weiss J, Supaphol P, Yoovidhya T (2010) Electrospinning of food-grade nanofibers from cellulose acetate and egg albumen blends. J Food Eng 98(3):370–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2010.01.014
Yang W, Fortunati E, Dominici F, Giovanale G, Mazzaglia A, Balestra GM, Kenny JN, Puglia D (2016) Effect of cellulose and lignin on disintegration, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of PLA active films. Int J Biol Macromol 89:360–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.04.0068
Yang Y, Jia Z, Liu J, Li Q, Hou L, Wang L, Guan Z (2008) Effect of electric field distribution uniformity on electrospinning. J Appl Phys 103(10):104307. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2924439
Zhang S, Zhang Y, Liu L, Fang G (2015) Antioxidant activity of organosolv lignina degraded using SO42-/ZrO2 as catalyst. BioResources 10(4):6819–6829. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.10.4.6819-6829
Zhao L, Duan G, Zhang G, Yang H, He S, Jiang S (2020) Electrospun functional materials toward food packaging applications: a review. Nanomaterials 10(1):150. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010150
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the Research Support Foundation of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS) (project nº 16/2551-0000250-9), Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Level Personnel (CAPES)—Finance code (001) and National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) for financial support. South Zone Electron Microscopy Center (CEME-SUL) (FURG) for SEM micrographs, and Laboratory of Applied Physics-Chemistry and Technology (LAFQAT)—Chemistry and Food School from FURG for the water contact angle measurements.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
MRVF: Conceptualization, investigation, writing—original draft preparation, methodology, data curation, visualization. MPR: Resources, conceptualization, writing—reviewing and editing. LMF: Conceptualization, formal analysis, validation, writing—reviewing and editing. PHB: Resources, conceptualization. ERZ: Project administration, supervision, writing—reviewing and editing. ARGD: Project administation, supervision, writing—reviewing and editing.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Fontes, M.R.V., da Rosa, M.P., Fonseca, L.M. et al. Thermal stability, hydrophobicity and antioxidant potential of ultrafine poly (lactic acid)/rice husk lignin fibers. Braz. J. Chem. Eng. 38, 133–144 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43153-020-00083-1
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s43153-020-00083-1