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Optimal Dump Load Allocations in High RBDG Penetrated Microgrid for Voltage and Frequency Regulation

  • Research Article-Electrical Engineering
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Abstract

The rising renewable penetrations has paved ways for the microgrids to operate independent of the conventional centrally located power plants. At low load hours, the microgrid operation is often disrupted due the excess power generations creating voltage (V) and frequency (f) regulation issues. The use of energy storage devices to absorb such excess generations would be infeasible due to their less usability, high cost and uneconomical trading. The offline planning of distributing dump loads (DLs) in the network can coordinate with the online control in maintaining V and f of the system. Thus, the present work provides an offline analysis to optimally allocate DLs in the power electronic (PE) interfaced DGs powered autonomous microgrid to minimize the V and f deviations at off-peak hours. The V and f deviations as per the droop characteristics of PE interfaced DGs have been taken into consideration in the load flow. The optimization problem is formulated and solved using heuristic techniques viz MWOA and NSGA-II. The weakly meshed standard test beds of IEEE 33 and 69 bus distribution systems have been used in the present work as autonomous microgrids.

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Abbreviations

V, f :

Voltage and frequency of microgrid

DL:

Dump load

\(V_\mathrm{min}\) :

Minimum voltage limit

\(V_\mathrm{max}\) :

Maximum voltage limit

\(I_\mathrm{max}\) :

Maximum line loading limit

\(P_{\mathrm{DL}}\) :

Active dump load

\(Q_{\mathrm{DL}}\) :

Reactive dump load

\(P_{\mathrm{DL,min}}\) :

Minimum active dump load

\(P_\mathrm{DL,max}\) :

Maximum active dump load

\(Q_{\mathrm{DL,min}}\) :

Minimum reactive dump load

\(Q_\mathrm{DL,max}\) :

Maximum reactive dump load

P, Q :

Active and reactive power

\(P_\mathrm{dg}\) :

Active power given by DG

\(Q_\mathrm{dg}\) :

Reactive power given by DG

\(V_0, f_0\) :

Nominal V and f of microgrid

\(P_\mathrm{dg0}, Q_\mathrm{dg0}\) :

Nominal active and reactive power of DG

\(\mu \), \(\beta \) :

Index for bus and branch, respectively,

\({\hbox {IT}}_{1}\) :

Iteration counter for inner loop

\({\hbox {IT}}_{2}\) :

Iteration counter for outer loop

delF, delV1:

f and V deviation at regulatory bus

\(S_{\mu }\) :

Apparent power at \(\mu \)th bus

\(P_{\mathrm{DL}}\) :

Active dump load

\(Q_{\mathrm{DL}}\) :

Reactive dump load

\(I_{i}\), \(E_{i}\) :

Current at ith node and edge

sn, rn :

Sending end and receiving end bus

\(P_{{\hbox {dg}}(i)}\) :

Active power of DG at ith bus

\(Q_{{\hbox {dg}}(i)}\) :

Reactive power of DG at ith bus

\(P_{{\hbox {dg}}(i0)}\) :

Nominal active power of DG at ith bus

\(Q_{{\hbox {dg}}(i0)}\) :

Nominal reactive power of DG at ith bus

IT:

Iteration count for MWOA algorithm

x, \(x^{*}\) :

Feasible array and best solution in MWOA

size(d):

Dimension of the problem in MWOA

\(L(\gamma _2)\) :

Levy index in MWOA

s :

Step length of the Levy flight in MWOA

\({\hbox {IM}}_\mathrm{sn,rn}\) :

Impedance of the edge

\(N_\mathrm{nodes}\) :

Number of nodes in the network

\(N_\mathrm{dg}\) :

Number of DGs in the network

\(\hbox {max}\_\hbox {iter}\) :

Maximum iterations of the MWOA

\(I_{\hbox {dg}(i)}\) :

Current injected by the DG at ith bus

\(I_{\hbox {dump}(i)}\) :

Current drawn by the DL at ith bus

\(\hbox {SOC}_\mathrm{min}\) :

Minimum state of charge of BES

\(\hbox {SOC}_\mathrm{max}\) :

Maximum state of charge of BES

dP, dQ :

Deviation in P and Q at the DG bus

\(U_\mathrm{gbhw}\) :

Unit price of gas water boiler

\(U_\mathrm{elhw}\) :

Unit price of electric water boiler

\(\hbox {Co}_\mathrm{gbhw}\) :

Cost of hot water using gas boiler

\(\hbox {Co}_\mathrm{elhw}\) :

Cost of hot water using electric boiler

\(\hbox {Co}_\mathrm{st}\) :

Cost of battery energy storage

\(\hbox {Co}_\mathrm{ev1}\) :

Cost incurred in event 1

\(\hbox {Co}_\mathrm{ev2}\) :

Cost incurred in event 2

\(V_\mathrm{hw}^h\) :

Volume of hot water generated at hth hour

\(H_\mathrm{hw}^h\) :

Power for hot water generation at hth hour

Ef:

Efficiency gas and electric boiler

\(C_\mathrm{wr}\), \(\rho _\mathrm{wr}\) :

Specific heat and density of water

\(T_\mathrm{st}^h\) :

Temperature set point for hot water

\(T_\mathrm{in}^h\) :

Inlet temperature of water

\(\hbox {LCOE}^\mathrm{bat}\) :

Levelized cost of energy for battery storage

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Institute of Technology Uttarakhand, Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India

    Ankit Uniyal & Mahiraj Singh Rawat

  2. Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Saumendra Sarangi

Authors
  1. Ankit Uniyal
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  2. Saumendra Sarangi
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  3. Mahiraj Singh Rawat
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Correspondence to Ankit Uniyal.

Analytical Proof for Modified DCLF

Analytical Proof for Modified DCLF

An important analysis has been conducted on 33 bus weakly meshed autonomous microgrid to justify the assumptions in the proposed work related to the convergence behavior of modified DCLF.

Table 8 delF values for four iterations with various load levels
Full size table
Table 9 delV1 values for four iterations with various load levels
Full size table

The DCLF is run for various loading conditions (from 0.2 pu to 0.7 pu) of the system. It is shown in Tables A. 1 and A. 2, that minimum values of delF/delV1 have occurred for the same loading (0.7 pu) whether iteration is 1, 2, 3 or 4. Thus, when DCLF is used to minimize the objectives delF/delV1 for optimal DL allocations, it is not required to proceed till convergence to obtain the minimum value of delF/delV1. It can be observed just from first iteration values of delF/delV1. The inference is that, even though DCLF has not converged, we still can obtain DL allocations for minimized delF/delV1 values from first iteration itself. These optimal DL sizes and their corresponding locations when employed in the system and the DCLF is run till convergence, then final converged delF/delV1 values are obtained which can be recorded for analysis.

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Uniyal, A., Sarangi, S. & Rawat, M.S. Optimal Dump Load Allocations in High RBDG Penetrated Microgrid for Voltage and Frequency Regulation. Arab J Sci Eng 46, 1511–1528 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-020-05240-9

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