Abstract
Abstract. In contrast to our knowledge about instructed emotion regulation, rather little is known about the effects of habitual (or “spontaneous”) emotion regulation on neural processing. We analyzed the relationship between everyday use of cognitive reappraisal (measured by the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, ERQ-R), and the amplitude of the late positive potential (LPP), which is sensitive to down-regulation of negative emotions via reappraisal. Participants viewed a series of neutral and threatening images, and rated them for level of threat. We found increased LPP amplitude for threatening compared to neutral pictures between 500 and 1,500 ms. Crucially, we found smaller LPP amplitudes to threatening versus neutral pictures for participants who used reappraisal more often in everyday life. This relationship between LPP amplitude and the ERQ-R was observed in the 1,000–1,500 ms interval of the LPP, over right centro-parietal electrodes. The current findings indicate that habitual tendency to use reappraisal is associated with reduced amplitude of the LPP in response to threatening pictures, in the absence of any explicit instruction to regulate emotions.
References
2015). Spontaneous emotion regulation: Differential effects on evoked brain potentials and facial muscle activity. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 96, 38–44.
(2012). Pwr: Basic functions for power analysis. Retrieved from http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=pwr
(2014). Cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression strategies role in the emotion regulation: An overview on their modulatory effects and neural correlates. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience, 8, 175.
(2007). Spatial frequencies or emotional effects? A systematic measure of spatial frequencies for IAPS pictures by a discreet wavelet analysis. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 165, 144–150.
(2009). Individual differences in typical reappraisal use predict amygdala and prefrontal responses. Biological Psychiatry, 65, 367–373.
(2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (4th ed.). London, UK: Sage.
(2010). Preconscious processing biases predict emotional reactivity to stress. Biological Psychiatry, 67, 371–377.
(2015). The electrocortical modulation of different emotion regulation strategies. Cognitive Neurodynamics, 9, 399–410.
(2001). Negative life events, cognitive emotion regulation and emotional problems. Personality and Individual Differences, 30, 1311–1327.
(2013). Emotional sounds modulate early neural processing of emotional pictures. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 1–12. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00741
(2008). The neural bases of emotion regulation: Reappraisal and suppression of negative emotion. Biological Psychiatry, 63, 577–586.
(1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Reviews of General Psychology, 2, 271–299.
(2002). Emotion regulation: Affective, cognitive, and social consequences. Psychophysiology, 39, 281–291.
(2015). Emotion regulation: Current status and future prospects. Psychological Enquiry, 26, 1–26.
(2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 348–362.
(1993). Emotion suppression: Physiology, self-report, and expressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 970–986.
(2011). Explicit and implicit emotion regulation: A dual-process framework. Cognition & Emotion, 25, 400–412.
(2009). Brain potentials during affective picture processing in children. Biological Psychology, 80, 333–338.
(2010). Event-related potentials, emotion, and emotion regulation: An integrative review. Developmental Neuroscience, 35, 129–155.
(2006). Reappraisal modulates the electrocortical response to unpleasant pictures. Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience, 6, 291–297.
(2012).
(ERPs and the study of emotion . In S. J. LuckE. S. KappenmanEds., The Oxford handbook of event-related potential components (pp. 441–474). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.2000). Statistical control of artifacts in dense array EEG/MEG studies. Psychophysiology, 37, 523–532.
(2002). Social anxiety dimensions, neuroticism, and the contours of positive psychological functioning. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26, 789–810.
(2012). Individual differences in emotion regulation and hemispheric metabolic asymmetry. Biological Psychology, 89, 382–386.
(2007). Neural correlates of positive and negative emotion regulation. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 19, 776–798.
(2010). Emotion and the motivational brain. Biological Psychology, 84, 437–450.
(2008). International affective picture system (IAPS): Affective ratings of pictures and instruction manual (Technical Report A-8). Gainesville, FL: University of Florida.
(2015). Contextual odors modulate the visual processing of emotional facial expressions: An ERP study. Neuropsychologia, 77, 366–379.
(2009). Tell me about it: Neural activity elicited by emotional pictures and preceding descriptions. Emotion, 9, 531–543.
(2009). Anxiety and spatial attention moderate the electrocortical response to aversive pictures. Neuropsychologia, 47, 2975–2980.
(1994). The five-factor model of personality as a framework for personality-health research. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 278–286.
(2006). How to bite your tongue without blowing your top: Implicit evaluation of emotion regulation predicts affective responding to anger provocation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 589–602.
(2010). The neural bases of distraction and reappraisal. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 22, 248–262.
(2004). Time course of attentional bias for threat scenes: Testing the vigilance-avoidance hypothesis. Cognition & Emotion, 18, 689–700.
(2000). Selective attention to threat: A test of two cognitive models of anxiety. Cognition & Emotion, 14, 375–399.
(2014). Neural markers of positive reappraisal and their associations with trait reappraisal and worry. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 123, 91–105.
(2009). Electrophysiological correlates of decreasing and increasing emotional responses to unpleasant pictures. Psychophysiology, 46, 17–27.
(1998). IFCN standards for digital recording of clinical EEG. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, Supplement, 52, 11–14.
(2008). Affective picture processing: An integrative review of ERP findings. Biological Psychology, 77, 247–265.
(2013). Timing effects of antecedent- and response-focused emotion regulation strategies. Biological Psychology, 94, 136–142.
(2015). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna.. Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Retrieved from https://www.R-project.org/
. (2010). Cognitive reappraisal of negative affect: Converging evidence from EMG and self-report. Emotion, 10, 587–592.
(2012). Electrophysiological correlates of enhanced perceptual processes and attentional capture by emotional faces in social anxiety. Brain Research, 1460, 50–62.
(2013). Cognitive reappraisal fails when attempting to reduce the appetitive value of food: An ERP study. Biological Psychology, 94, 507–512.
(2012). Emotional picture processing in children: An ERP study. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 2, 110–119.
(1968). Self-Evaluation Questionnaire. STA Form X2. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
(2011). The temporal dynamics of emotion regulation: An EEG study of distraction and reappraisal. Biological Psychology, 87, 84–92.
(2014). Snake pictures draw more early attention than spider pictures in non-phobic women: Evidence from event-related brain potentials. Biological Psychology, 96, 150–157.
(2009). Phobic spider fear is associated with enhanced attentional capture by spider pictures: A rapid serial presentation event-related potential study. Neuroreport, 20, 445–449.
(2011). The late positive potential predicts subsequent interference with target processing. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23, 2994–3007.
(2010). Controlling low-level image properties: The SHINE toolbox. Behavior Research Methods, 42, 671–684.
(2014). Individual differences in automatic emotion regulation affect the asymmetry of the LPP component. PLoS One, 9, e88261.
(