Abstract
Abstract. Auditory sensory gating is commonly assessed using the Paired-Click Paradigm (PCP), an electroencephalography (EEG) task in which two identical sounds are presented sequentially and the brain’s inhibitory response to the second sound is measured. Many clinical populations demonstrate reduced P50 and/or N100 suppression. Testing sensory gating in children may help to identify individuals at risk for neurodevelopmental disorders earlier, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which could lead to more optimal outcomes. Minimal research has been done with children because of the difficulty of performing lengthy EEG experiments with young children, requiring them to sit still for long periods of time. We designed a modified, potentially child-friendly version of the PCP and evaluated it in typically developing adults. The PCP was administered twice, once in a traditional silent room (silent movie condition) and once with an audible movie playing (audible movie condition) to minimize boredom and enhance behavioral compliance. We tested whether P50 and N100 suppression were influenced by the presence of the auditory background noise from the movie. N100 suppression was observed in both hemispheres in the silent movie condition and in the left hemisphere only during the audible movie condition, though suppression was attenuated in the audible movie condition. P50 suppression was not observed in either condition. N100 sensory gating was successfully elicited with an audible movie playing during the PCP, supporting the use of the modified task for future research in both children and adults.
References
1999). Elementary phenotypes in the neurobiological and genetic study of schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 46, 8–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00085-2
(1993).
(Second order blind separation of temporally correlated sources . In A. G. ConstantinidesV. CappelliniC. S. PattichisC. N. SchizasEds., Proceedings of the International Conference on Digital Signal Processing and II International Conference on Computer Applications to Engineering Systems (pp. 346–351). Nicosia, Cyprus: University of Cyprus.1999). Comparison of four components of sensory gating in schizophrenia and normal subjects: A preliminary report. Psychiatry Research, 88, 119–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-1781(99)00074-8
(2011). Mapping repetition suppression of the N100 evoked response to the human cerebral cortex. Biological Psychiatry, 69, 883–889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.12.011
(2008). Sensory gating in schizophrenia: P50 and N100 gating in antipsychotic-free subjects at risk, first-episode, and chronic patients. Biological Psychiatry, 64, 376–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.02.006
(2002). Target and non-target ERP disturbances in first episode vs. chronic schizophrenia. Clinical Neurophysiology, 113, 1754–1763. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1388-2457(02)00290-0
(1997). Influence of reference electrodes, stimulation characteristics and task paradigms on auditory P50. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 51, 139–143. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1819.1997.tb02376.x
(2016). Auditory sensory gating in patients with bipolar disorders: A meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 203, 199–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.06.010
(1997). P50 Suppression among schizophrenia and normal comparison subjects: A methodological analysis. Biological Psychiatry, 41, 1035–1044. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(96)00208-9
(2009). Maturation of sensory gating performance in children with and without sensory processing disorders. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 72, 187–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.12.007
(2004). EEGLAB: An open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 134, 9–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009
(2003). Interpreting abnormality: An EEG and MEG study of P50 and the auditory paired-stimulus paradigm. Biological Psychology, 65, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-0511(03)00094-2
(2011). Sensory processing dysfunctions as expressed among children with different severities of intellectual developmental disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 32, 1770–1775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2011.03.005
(2007). Range of sensory gating values and test–retest reliability in normal subjects. Psychophysiology, 44, 620–626. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2007.00524.x
(2015). P50: A candidate ERP biomarker of prodromal Alzheimer’s disease. Brain Research, 1624, 390–397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2015.07.054
(2011). The level of arousal modulates P50 peak amplitude. Neuroscience Letters, 499, 204–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2011.05.062
(2012). P50 potential-associated gamma band activity: Modulation by distraction. Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis, 72, 102–109.
(2004). Memory impairment and auditory evoked potential gating deficit in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 130, 161–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2002.12.001
(2015). Stability of P50 auditory sensory gating during sleep from infancy to 4 years of age. Brain and Cognition, 94, 4–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2014.12.004
(2017). Diminished infant P50 sensory gating predicts increased 40-month-old attention, anxiety/depression, and externalizing symptoms. Journal of Attention Disorders, 21, 209–218. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054713488824
(2010). Auditory evoked potential variability in healthy and schizophrenia subjects. Clinical Neurophysiology, 121, 1233–1239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2010.03.006
(1992). P50 suppression is not affected by attentional manipulations. Biological Psychiatry, 31, 365–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(92)90230-W
(1965). Neurophysiological evidence for the Stevens power function in man. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 38, 191–195. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1909629
(2004). Comparison of sensory gating to mismatch negativity and self-reported perceptual phenomena in healthy adults. Psychophysiology, 41, 604–612. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2004.00191.x
(2003). Early postnatal development of sensory gating. Neuroreport, 14, 693–697. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.wnr.0000064988.96259.b8
(2010). Electroencephalography (EEG) and Event-Related Potentials (ERP’s) with human participants. Current Protocols in Neuroscience, 52, 6.25.1–6.25.24. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471142301.ns0625s52
(2012). Differential relationships of impulsivity or antisocial symptoms on P50, N100, or P200 auditory sensory gating in controls and antisocial personality disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 46, 743–750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.03.001
(2009). P50, N100, and P200 sensory gating: Relationships with behavioral inhibition, attention, and working memory. Psychophysiology, 46, 1059–1068. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2009.00845.x
(2015). Normal P50 gating in children with autism, yet attenuated P50 amplitude in the Asperger subcategory. Autism Research, 8, 371–378. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.1452
(2009). The neural networks underlying auditory sensory gating. NeuroImage, 44, 182–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.08.025
(2015). Sensory gating in adult with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Event-evoked potential and perceptual experience reports comparisons with schizophrenia. Biological Psychology, 107, 16–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.03.002
(2010).
(Effects of stimuli intensity and frequency on auditory P50 and N100 sensory gating . In A. HussainI. AleksanderL. SmithA. BarrosR. ChisleyV. CutsuridisEds., Brain Inspired Cognitive Systems (pp. 5–17). New York, NY: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-79100-5_11989). Sensory gating in schizophrenics and normal controls: Effects of changing stimulation interval. Biological Psychiatry, 25, 549–561. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(89)90215-1
(2000). Auditory P50 obtained with a repetitive stimulus paradigm shows suppression to high-intensity tones. Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 54, 493–7. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1819.2000.00741.x
(2011). FieldTrip: Open source software for advanced analysis of MEG, EEG, and invasive electrophysiological data. Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience, 2011, 156869. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/156869
(2008). Sensory gating in young children with autism: Relation to age, IQ, and EEG gamma oscillations. Neuroscience Letters, 434, 218–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2008.01.066
(2000). Tracking the development of the N1 from age 3 to adulthood: An examination of speech and non-speech stimuli. Clinical Neurophysiology, 111, 388–397. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1388-2457(99)00259-X
(2008). Mater’s tall tales [Motion picture]. Emeryville, CA: Pixar Animation Studios
(2008). Test–retest reliability of P50, N100 and P200 auditory sensory gating in healthy subjects. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 67, 81–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2007.10.006
(2010). Cognitive abilities and 50 and 100 ms paired-click processes in schizophrenia. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 1264–1275. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09071059
(1994). Reliability of P50 auditory event-related potential indices of sensory gating. Psychophysiology, 31, 495–502. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1994.tb01053.x
(2013). Abnormal pre-attentive arousal in young children with autism spectrum disorder contributes to their atypical auditory behavior: An ERP study. PLoS One, 8, e69100. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069100
(2013). Pre-attentive information processing and impulsivity in bipolar disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 47, 1917–1924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.08.018
(2017). Conducting research with minimally verbal participants with autism spectrum disorder. Autism, 21, 852–861. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361316654605
(2008). P50 sensory gating and attentional performance. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 67, 91–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2007.10.008
(