Abstract
The threat of dye contamination has achieved an unsurpassed abnormal state lately due to their massive consumption in several enterprises including textile, leather, cosmetic, plastic, and paper industries. This review focuses on the integrations of various advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), such as Fenton, photocatalysis, and ozonation, with biodegradation for the treatment of textile azo dyes. Such integrations have been explored lately by researchers to bring down the processing cost and improve the degree of mineralization of the treated dyeing wastewater. The review refers to the basic mechanisms, the influence of various process parameters, outcomes of recent works, and future research directions. All the three AOPs, independently, demonstrated substantial color reduction of 54–100%. The ozonation process, stand-alone, showed the most efficient decolorization (of 88–100%) consistently in all reviewed research works. In contrast, all three AOPs independently offered varied and inadequate COD reduction in the range of 16–80%. The AOPs, after getting integrated with biodegradation, yielded an additional reduction (of 11–70%) in the COD-levels and (of 16–80%) in the TOC-levels. Further, the integration of AOPs with biodegradation has potential to significantly reduce the treatment costs. The review suggests further research efforts in the direction of sequencing chemical and biological routes such that their synergistic utilization yield complete detoxification of the textile azo dyes economically at large-scale.
About the authors
Anuj Chaturvedi is currently pursuing a PhD in Chemical Engineering and Technology at the Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, India. He obtained his MTech (process modeling and simulation) degree from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. His research interest includes wastewater treatment at an industrial scale, and he is currently working on the physico-chemico-biological route for treatment of textile wastewater.
Birendra Nath Rai is currently a professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, India. He has supervised more than 30 MTech and three PhD theses, and authored/co-authored over 100 technical papers and 16 book chapters. He has successfully completed several projects sanctioned by government agencies including Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF).
Ram Saran Singh is currently a professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, India. He has supervised over 40 MTech/MD and eight PhD theses, and authored/co-authored over 160 technical papers with a total impact of over 200, one book and four book chapters and successfully completed projects sanctioned by ISRO, DRDO, MoEF, DST, MHRD. He holds a great deal of experience in the field of bioremediation and environmental biotechnology.
Ravi Prakash Jaiswal is currently working as an assistant professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT/BHU), Varanasi, India. After completing his doctorate at Purdue University, USA in 2008, he worked as a technology development engineer at Intel Corporation, Hillsboro and as a research scientist at MEMC Electronic Materials Inc., St. Peter, USA for more than five years before joining IIT/BHU. His research interests include wastewater treatment, photovoltaic cells and surface/interfacial adhesion.
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Author contribution: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
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Research funding: None declared.
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Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.
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