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Freeze-thaw effects on erosion process in loess slope under simulated rainfall

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Abstract

Seasonal freeze-thaw processes have led to severe soil erosion in the middle and high latitudes. The area affected by freeze-thaw erosion in China exceeds 13% of the national territory. So understanding the effect of freeze-thaw on erosion process is of great significance for soil and water conservation as well as for ecological engineering. In this study, we designed simulated rainfall experiments to investigate soil erosion processes under two soil conditions, unfrozen slope (UFS) and frozen slope (FS), and three rainfall intensities of 0.6, 0.9 and 1.2 mm/min. The results showed that the initial runoff time of FS occurred much earlier than that of the UFS. Under the same rainfall intensity, the runoff of FS is 1.17–1.26 times that of UFS; and the sediment yield of FS is 6.48–10.49 times that of UFS. With increasing rainfall time, rills were produced on the slope. After the appearance of the rills, the sediment yield on the FS accounts for 74%–86% of the total sediment yield. Rill erosion was the main reason for the increase in soil erosion rate on FS, and the reduction in water percolation resulting from frozen layers was one of the important factors leading to the advancement of rills on slope. A linear relationship existed between the cumulative runoff and the sediment yield of UFS and FS (R2>0.97, P<0.01). The average mean weight diameter (MWD) on the slope erosion particles was as follows: UFS0.9 (73.84 µm)>FS0.6 (72.30 µm)>UFS1.2 (72.23 µm)>substrate (71.23 µm)>FS1.2 (71.06 µm)>FS0.9 (70.72 µm). During the early stage of the rainfall, the MWD of the FS was relatively large. However, during the middle to late rainfall, the particle composition gradually approached that of the soil substrate. Under different rainfall intensities, the mean soil erodibility (MK) of the FS was 7.22 times that of the UFS. The ratio of the mean regression coefficient C2 (MC2) between FS and UFS was roughly correspondent with MK. Therefore, the parameter C2 can be used to evaluate soil erodibility after the appearance of the rills. This article explored the influence mechanism of freeze-thaw effects on loess soil erosion and provided a theoretical basis for further studies on soil erosion in the loess hilly regions.

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Acknowledgements

This research was funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFC0403605), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (413517033), the State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research (SKL2018CG04), and the Shaanxi Province Innovation Talent Promotion Plan Project Technology Innovation Team (2018TD-037). We thank the reviewers for their useful comments and suggestions.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an, 710048, China

    Yuanyi Su, Peng Li, Zongping Ren & Lie Xiao

  2. Key Laboratory of National Forestry Administration on Ecological Hydrology and Disaster Prevention in Arid Regions, Xi’an, 710048, China

    Yuanyi Su, Peng Li, Zongping Ren & Lie Xiao

  3. China JIKAN Research Institute of Engineering Investigations and Design Co. Ltd., Xi’an, 710048, China

    Hui Zhang

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  1. Yuanyi Su
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Correspondence to Peng Li.

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Su, Y., Li, P., Ren, Z. et al. Freeze-thaw effects on erosion process in loess slope under simulated rainfall. J. Arid Land 12, 937–949 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40333-020-0106-6

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