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Optimal Control and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of an HPV–Chlamydia trachomatis Co-infection Model

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Abstract

In this work, a co-infection model for human papillomavirus (HPV) and Chlamydia trachomatis with cost-effectiveness optimal control analysis is developed and analyzed. The disease-free equilibrium of the co-infection model is shown not to be globally asymptotically stable, when the associated reproduction number is less unity. It is proven that the model undergoes the phenomenon of backward bifurcation when the associated reproduction number is less than unity. It is also shown that HPV re-infection (\(\varepsilon_{\textsc{p}} \ne 0\)) induced the phenomenon of backward bifurcation. Numerical simulations of the optimal control model showed that: (i) focusing on HPV intervention strategy alone (HPV prevention and screening), in the absence of C. trachomatis control, leads to a positive population level impact on the total number of individuals singly infected with C. trachomatis, (ii) Concentrating on C. trachomatis intervention controls alone (C. trachomatis prevention and treatment), in the absence of HPV intervention strategies, a positive population level impact is observed on the total number of individuals singly infected with HPV. Moreover, the strategy that combines and implements HPV and C. trachomatis prevention controls is the most cost-effective of all the control strategies in combating the co-infections of HPV and C. trachomatis.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are immensely grateful to the editors and anonymous reviewers for their invaluable and constructive criticisms, that have improved the quality of the manuscript.

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  1. Department of Mathematics, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria

    A. Omame, C. U. Nnanna & S. C. Inyama

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  1. A. Omame
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  2. C. U. Nnanna
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  3. S. C. Inyama
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Contributions

The first draft of the manuscript was written by Dr. Andrew Omame, and all authors (including Mr. Nnanna U. Celestine and Prof. Simeon C. Inyama) commented on the previous version of the manuscript. All authors contributed in the work, and also read and approved the final revised manuscript.

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Omame, A., Nnanna, C.U. & Inyama, S.C. Optimal Control and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of an HPV–Chlamydia trachomatis Co-infection Model. Acta Biotheor 69, 185–223 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10441-020-09401-z

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