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The Eocene Poshteh Ba–Pb–Zn–Cu deposit, Iran: geological, mineral–chemical, fluid inclusion, and S–O isotopic analysis of a Kuroko-type VMS deposit with paleo-hydrothermal vent chimneys

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Abstract

The Poshteh deposit is the first documented paleo-hydrothermal chimney-bearing volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposit in Iran. It occurs in the form of well-developed lensoid orebodies within the Eocene volcano-sedimentary sequence, and comprises of laminated, brecciated, banded, massive, and disseminated textures. The stratiform part of this deposit is approximately 500 m long and up to 20 m thick, and consists of massive to semi-massive sulfides and barites, some of which are banded, which are overlain by barite and siliceous exhalites. The stringer zone stratigraphically underlies the stratiform mineralization. Veins within the stringer zone are composed of quartz, barite, pyrite, galena, sphalerite, and chalcopyrite. Three thin layers of exhalative Mn–Fe-bearing chert overlies the sulfide–sulfate orebodies. Four types of fluid inclusions were recognized in barite and quartz encompassing monophase vapor, monophase liquid, two-phase liquid-rich inclusions, and two-phase vapor-rich fluid inclusions. The homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions mainly vary between 86.2 and 241.9 °C, whereas their salinities focus on 0.99–21.23 wt.% NaCl equiv. The ore-forming fluids of the barite and quartz minerals are characterized by low-to-medium temperature and low-to-medium salinity. The δ34S values of barite associated with the stratiform and stringer barite orebody range from 8.37 to 21.83 ‰, indicating that the sulfur was derived from the seawater. The sulfur isotope values of sulfide (− 5.18 to 9.33 ‰) are similar to those of VMS deposits from other parts of the world. The δ18O data suggest that the ore-forming fluids of the Poshteh deposit were mainly derived from deep subseafloor circulation of seawater. The well-preserved chimneys typically contain distinct concentric outer and inner sulfide- and axial sulfate-rich zones. The outer zones of the chimneys contain mainly pyrite and chalcopyrite. The sulfides within the inner zone consist predominantly of sphalerite, argentite, and galena. The axial conduits are commonly dominated by barite and calcite. The sulfide-rich chimney zones are also characterized by significantly higher metal contents. The presence of paleo-hydrothermal vent chimneys in the Poshteh Kuroko-type deposit and their trace-element contents also provides significant data for understanding the physicochemical conditions of VMS mineralization.

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Acknowledgements

The first author kindly thanks grant commission of the Shahrood University of Technology, and Iranian Mines & Mining Industries Development & Renovation (IMIDRO) for research funding. The authors thank prof. Wolf-Christian Dullo, Editor in Chief, International Journal of Earth Sciences, and Prof. David Lentz and another anonymous reviewer for their very useful and constructive comments.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran

    Fardin Mousivand & Golshan Ghaffari

  2. Department of Geology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran

    Sajjad Maghfouri

  3. Institute of Mineralogy, Urals Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Chelyabinsk District, Miass, 456317, Russia

    Valeriy Maslennikov & Sergey A. Sadykov

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  1. Fardin Mousivand
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  2. Golshan Ghaffari
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  3. Sajjad Maghfouri
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  4. Valeriy Maslennikov
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  5. Sergey A. Sadykov
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Correspondence to Fardin Mousivand.

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Mousivand, F., Ghaffari, G., Maghfouri, S. et al. The Eocene Poshteh Ba–Pb–Zn–Cu deposit, Iran: geological, mineral–chemical, fluid inclusion, and S–O isotopic analysis of a Kuroko-type VMS deposit with paleo-hydrothermal vent chimneys. Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) 110, 487–511 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-020-01965-y

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