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Local scour due to water jet from a nozzle with plates

  • Research Article - Applied Geophysics
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Abstract

In this study, local scour occurring downstream from a nozzle with and without plates formed in cohesionless materials was investigated experimentally. The experiments were performed to determine scour geometry, maximum scour depth, and the effect of aeration on scour for water jets impinged obliquely into the downstream pool. Dimensionless variables affecting the scour were determined as densimetric Froude number, dimensionless impingement length, and the ratio of densimetric Froude number to dimensionless impingement length. Experiments were conducted for three nozzle diameters with plates, three nozzle diameters without plates, two different impingement lengths, and three different exit velocities. The results of the experiments showed that the use of the plates in the nozzle, jet impact velocity, jet shape, jet expansion, jet impingement length, and air entrainment rate were critical parameters for scour geometry. As a result, it was found that the jets from a nozzle with plates entrained more air bubbles into the impingement pool than jets from nozzles without plates, thereby decreasing maximum scour depth by spreading the scour over a larger area. This was evident by increasing the impingement length. In addition, scour equations were obtained to determine maximum scour depth, ridge height, and scour hole length from experimental data.

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Abbreviations

A :

Section area of nozzle (L2)

d :

Nozzle diameter (L)

D :

Bed sediment diameter (L)

D c :

Diameter of reduction pipe (L)

D 15.9 :

15.9% Of sediment diameter (L)

D 50 :

50% Of sediment diameter (L)

D 84.1 :

84.1% Of sediment diameter (L)

Δ m :

Maximum ridge height (L)

ε :

Scour depth (L)

ε m :

Maximum scour depth (L)

E :

Erosion parameter (-) (F0/\(\surd\)(H/d))

θ :

Impingement angle ( angle that jet makes with the water surface) (°)

F0 :

Densimetric Froude number (-) (U0/(\(\sqrt {g\left( {\frac{\Delta \rho }{\rho }} \right)D_{50} }\))

g :

Acceleration due to gravity (LT−2)

ρ :

Mass density of water (ML−3)

h :

Drop height (L)

h k :

Thickness of sediment layer (L)

H :

Impingement length (L)

M 0 :

Momentum flux of jet (MLT−2)

Re:

Jet Reynolds number (-) (\({\text{Re}} = \frac{{U_{0} .d}}{\nu }\))

t :

Time (T)

T :

Temperature (°C)

t d :

Tailwater depth (L)

U 0 :

Jet exit velocity (LT−1)

Δx :

Distance from point of impingement to location of maximum depth (L)

x :

Distance from the location of maximum erosion in the plane of symmetry (L)

x 1 :

Distance from maximum scour to back side edge of scour hole (L)

x 2 :

Distance from maximum scour to location where ε = 0 (L)

x 3 :

Distance from location of maximum scour to top of ridge (L)

x 1 + x 2 :

Maximum scour hole length (L)

‘ :

Measurement at asymptotic state

υ :

Kinematic viscosity (L2T−1)

ρ s :

Mass density of sediment (ML−3)

Δρ :

Relative mass density (-)

σ g :

Uniformity coefficient (-)

Q w :

Water discharge (L3T−1)

Q a :

Air entrainment rate (L3T−1)

q :

Unit discharge(L3L−1 T−1

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil Engineering, Firat University, 23119, Elazig, Turkey

    Veysi Kartal & M. Emin Emiroglu

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  1. Veysi Kartal
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  2. M. Emin Emiroglu
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Correspondence to Veysi Kartal.

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The authors declare no conflicts of interest in the current paper.

Additional information

Communicated by Michael Nones, Ph.D. (CO-EDITOR-IN-CHIEF)/Subhasish Dey, PhD; FNA; FASc;FNASc; FNAE (ASSOCIATE EDITOR).

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Kartal, V., Emiroglu, M.E. Local scour due to water jet from a nozzle with plates. Acta Geophys. 69, 95–112 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11600-020-00521-1

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