Abstract
In the present study, the effect of alloying AZ91 magnesium alloy with 0.4 wt.% silver as well as chilled casting on the corrosion response of different casting conditions was investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) tests were carried out to analyze the effect of silver and chilled solidification on the corrosion performance of AZ91 alloy. The silver-containing samples showed better corrosion resistance, mainly due to its effect on the microstructure modification of the alloy by altering the morphology of the β-Mg17Al12 phase. As a result, corrosion current density of silver-containing samples was lower than the original AZ91 Mg alloy down to 4 times. The corrosion rate of to the AZ91 alloy with 0.4 wt.% silver and pouring temperature of 750 °C was 0.256 mm.y-1. More uniform microstructure of the β phase due to the addition of silver could facilitate the uniform growth of corrosion products, which led to the lower corrosion rate of the AZ91 alloy.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
All data in the manuscript are the result of the author’s original work.
Code Availability
Not applicable
References
A. Incesu, A. Gungor, Biocorrosion and mechanical properties of ZXM100 and ZXM120 magnesium alloys. Inter. Metalcast. 13, 905–914 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-019-00308-1
H. Zengin, Role of Sr in microstructure, hardness and biodegradable behavior of cast Mg–2Zn–2Ca–0.5Mn (ZXM220) alloy for potential implant application. Inter. Metalcast. 14, 442–453 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-019-00366-5
L. Bichler, A. Elsayed, K. Lee et al., Influence of mold and pouring temperatures on hot tearing susceptibility of AZ91D magnesium alloy. Inter. Metalcast. 2, 43–54 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03355421M
M. Pokorny, C. Monroe, C. Beckermann et al., Prediction of hot tear formation in a magnesium alloy permanent mold casting. Inter. Metalcast. 2, 41–53 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03355435
A. Luo, A. Sachdev, Microstructure and mechanical properties of magnesium-aluminum-manganese cast alloys. Inter. Metalcast. 4, 51–59 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03355502
H.E. Friedrich, B.L. Mordike, Magnesium Technology: Metallurgy Design Data Applications (Springer, Germany, 2006).
M. Yeganeh, M. Omidi, M. Eskandari, Superhydrophobic surface of AZ31 alloy fabricated by chemical treatment in the NiSO4 solution. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 27, 3951–3960 (2018)
M. Yeganeh, N. Mohammadi, Superhydrophobic surface of Mg alloys: a review. J. Magnes. Alloy. 6(1), 59–70 (2018)
R.O. Hussein, D.O. Northwood, X. Nie, The effect of processing parameters and substrate composition on the corrosion resistance of plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) coated magnesium alloys. Surf. Coat. Technol. 237, 357–368 (2013)
M. Yeganeh, M. Saremi, Corrosion inhibition of magnesium using biocompatible Alkyd coatings incorporated by mesoporous silica nanocontainers. Progress. Org. Coat. 79, 25–30 (2015)
S.H.H. Mortazavi, M. Yeganeh, A. Etemad, M. Saremi, Corrosion behavior of polypyrrole (Ppy) coating modified by polyethylene glycol (PEG) doped ammonium bifluoride on AZ31 magnesium alloy. Progress. Org. Coat. 134, 22–32 (2019)
M. Hatami, M. Yeganeh, A. Keyvani, M. Saremi, R. Naderi, Electrochemical behavior of polypyrrole-coated AZ31 alloy modified by fluoride anions. J. Solid. Stat. Electrochem. 21, 777–785 (2017)
W. Zhou, N.N. Aung, Y. Sun, Effect of antimony, bismuth and calcium addition on corrosion and electrochemical behaviour of AZ91 magnesium alloy. Corros. Sci. 51, 403–408 (2009)
H. Alves, U. Köster, Improved corrosion and oxidation resistance of AM and AZ alloys by Ca and RE additions, in Magnesium alloys and their applications. ed. by K.U. Kainer (WILEY-VCH, Weinheim, 2000), pp. 439–444
B. Mingo, R. Arrabal, M. Mohedano, C.L. Mendis, R. del Olmo, E. Matykina, N. Hort, M.C. Merino, A. Pardo, Corrosion of Mg-9Al alloy with minor alloying elements (Mn, Nd, Ca, Y and Sn). Mater. Des. 130, 48–58 (2017)
M. Esmaily, J.E. Svensson, S. Fajardo, N. Birbilis, G.S. Frankel, S. Virtanen, R. Arrabal, S. Thomas, L.G. Johansson, Fundamentals and advances in magnesium alloy corrosion. Progress. Mater. Sci. 89, 92–193 (2017)
Y. Ding, C. Wen, P. Hodgson, Y. Li, Effects of alloying elements on the corrosion behavior and biocompatibility of biodegradable magnesium alloys: a review. J. Mater. Chem. B 214, 1912–1933 (2014)
J. Liao, M. Hotta, N. Yamamoto, Corrosion behavior of fine-grained AZ31B magnesium alloy. Corros. Sci. 61, 208–214 (2012)
Z. Shi, M. Liu, A. Atrens, Measurement of the corrosion rate of magnesium alloys using Tafel extrapolation. Corros. Sci. 52, 579–588 (2010)
F. Wang, J. Li, J. Liu, P. Mao, Z. Liu, The influence of Ca and Y on the microstructure and corrosion resistance of vacuum die casting AZ91 alloy. Acta. Metall. Sinica. (English Letters) 27, 609–614 (2014)
M.O. Oteyaka, E. Ghali, R. Tremblay, Corrosion behaviour of AZ and ZA magnesium alloys in alkaline chloride media. Int. J. Corros. 2012(452631), 1–10 (2012)
S. Candan, M. Unal, E. Koc, Y. Turen, E. Candan, Effects of titanium addition on mechanical and corrosion behaviours of AZ91 magnesium alloy. J. Alloy. Compd. 509, 1958–1963 (2011)
A. Srinivasan, S. Ningshen, U. Kamachi Mudali, U.T.S. Pillai, B.C. Pai, Influence of Si and Sb additions on the corrosion behavior of AZ91 magnesium alloy. Intermetallics 15, 1511–1517 (2007)
M. Hatakeyama, K. Shimono, D. Iwashima, S. Saikawa, S. Sunada, The role of β(Al12Mg17) phase on corrosion behavior of the AZ91 alloy in NaCl aqueous solution. Arch. Metall. Mater. 62(1), 155–158 (2017)
K. Gusieva, T. Sato, G. Sha, S.P. Ringer, N. Birbilis, Influence of low level Ag additions on Mg-alloy AZ91. Adv. Eng. Mater. 15(6), 485–490 (2013)
M. Mabuchi, M. Kobata, Y. Chino, H. Iwasaki, Tensile properties of directionally solidified AZ91 Mg alloy. Mater. Trans. 44(4), 436–439 (2003)
Y. Yang, G. Yang, L.U.O. Sh, L. Xiao, W. Jie, Microstructures and growth orientation of directionally solidification Mg-14.61Gd alloy. Acta. Metall. Sin. 55, 202–212 (2019)
Md.I. Khan, A.O. Mostafa, M. Aljarrah, E. Essadiqi, M. Medraj, Influence of cooling rate on microsegregation behavior of magnesium alloys. J. Mater. 2014(657647), 18 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/657647
J. Miao, W. Sun, A.D. Klarner, A.A. Luo, Interphase boundary segregation of silver and enhanced precipitation of Mg17Al12 phase in a Mg-Al-Sn-Ag alloy. Scr. Mater. 154, 192–196 (2018)
C.L. Mendis, K. Hono, Enhanced age hardening in a Mg–2.4 at.% Zn alloy by trace additions of Ag and Ca. Scripta Mater. 57(6), 485–488 (2007)
V.M. Pinela, L.A. de Oliveira, M.C.L. de Oliveira, R.A. Antunes, Study of the corrosion process of AZ91D magnesium alloy during the first hours of immersion in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution Hindawi. J. Corros Int (2018). https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/8785154
M. Esmaily, N. Mortazavi, J.E. Svensson, M. Halvarsson, D.B. Blucher, A.E.W. Jarfors, M. Wessen, L.G. Johansson, Atmospheric corrosion of Mg alloy AZ91D fabricated by a semi-solid casting technique: the influence of microstructure. J. Electrochem. Soc. 162(7), C311–C321 (2015)
T. Miyazawa, Y. Kobayashi, A. Kamegawa, H. Takamura, M. Okada, Grain size refinements of Mg alloys (AZ61, AZ91, ZK60) by HDDR treatment. Mater. Transac. 45(2), 384–387 (2004)
L. Wang, T. Shinohara, B.P. Zhang, Corrosion behavior of Mg, AZ31, and AZ91 alloys in dilute NaCl solutions. J. Solid. Stat. Electrochem. 14, 1897–1907 (2010)
L.G. Bland, L.C. Scully, J.R. Scully, Assessing the corrosion of multi-phase Mg-Al alloys with high al content by electrochemical impedance mass loss, hydrogen collection, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry solution analysis. Corrosion 73(5), 526–543 (2017)
M. Yeganeh, M. Eskandari, S.R. Alavi-Zaree, A comparison between corrosion behaviors of fine-grained and coarse-grained structures of high-Mn steel in NaCl solution. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 26, 2484–2490 (2017)
M. Saremi, M. Yeganeh, Investigation of corrosion behaviour of nanostructured copper thin film produced by radio frequency sputtering. Micro. Nano. Lett. 5(2), 70–75 (2010)
M. Saremi, M. Yeganeh, Corrosion behavior of copper thin films deposited by EB-PVD technique on thermally grown silicon dioxide and glass in hydrochloric acid media. Mater. Chem. Phys. 123(2–3), 456–462 (2010)
M. Behzadnasab, S.M. Mirabedini, K. Kabiri, S. Jamali, Corrosion performance of epoxy coatings containing silane treated ZrO2 nanoparticles on mild steel in 3.5% NaCl solution. Corros. Sci. 53, 89–98 (2011)
F. Cao, Z. Shi, J. Hofstetter, P.J. Uggowitzer, G. Song, M. Liu, A. Atrens, Corrosion of ultra-high-purity Mg in 3.5% NaCl solution saturated with Mg(OH)2. Corros. Sci. 75, 78–99 (2013)
I.B. Singh, M. Singh, S. Das, A comparative corrosion behavior of Mg, AZ31 and AZ91 alloys in 3.5% NaCl solution. J. Magnes. Alloy. 3, 142–148 (2015)
Y. Zhang, P. Gore, W. Rong, Y. Wu, Y. Yan, R. Zhang, L. Peng, J.F. Nie, N. Birbilis, Quasi-in-situ STEM-EDS insight into the role of Ag in the corrosion behaviour of Mg-Gd-Zr alloys. Corros. Sci. 136, 106–118 (2018)
R. Ambat, N.N. Aung, W. Zhou, Studies on the infuence of chloride ion and pH on the corrosion and electrochemical behaviour of AZ91D magnesium alloy. J. Appl. Electrochem. 30, 865–874 (2000)
S.A. Salman, R. Ichino, M. Okido, A comparative electrochemical Study of AZ31 and AZ91 magnesium alloy. J. Corros. Int. (2010). https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/412129
L. Wang, B.P. Zhang, T. Shinohara, Corrosion behavior of AZ91 magnesium alloy in dilute NaCl solutions. Mater. Des. 31, 857–863 (2010)
A. Atrens, G.L. Song, M. Liu, Z. Shi, F. Cao, M.S. Dargusch, Review of recent developments in the field of magnesium corrosion. Adv. Eng. Mater. 17(4), 400–453 (2015)
Acknowledgements
The financial support of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz (Grant No. SCU.EM98.276) is kindly appreciated by the authors.
Funding
Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz (Grant No. SCU.EM98.276)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
The present manuscript is the result of all named authors original work.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
There are no competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have influence on the work reported in this paper.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Khorasanian, M., Yeganeh, M., Gholamzadeh, N. et al. Effect of Addition of Silver and Chilled Casting on Corrosion Behavior of AZ91 Magnesium Alloy. Inter Metalcast 15, 1184–1196 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-020-00558-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-020-00558-4