Self-templated synthesis of porous carbon with different sulfur content derived from polyethersulfone matrix for supercapacitor and dyes adsorption

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2020.111198Get rights and content

Highlights

  • Different sulfur-doped carbon is firstly prepared by the carbonizationof SSNa modified PES.

  • They possess good capacitance , cycling performance and absorption capacity towards methylene blue.

  • The results pave a new way to fabricate heteroatom-doped carbon for supercapacitors and dyes adsorption.

Abstract

Different sulfur-doped content carbon is fabricated by the carbonization of SSNa modified PES, the pores and abundant heteroatoms endow the S-doped porous carbon (C-3) with a high capacity of 172 F/ g at 1 A/g and good cycling life (98.5 % retention after 6000 cycles). Moreover, typical dye of methylene blue adsorption results exhibited the maximum adsorption capacity of sulfur-doped carbon (C-3) was approximately 78 mg/g. The enhanced electrochemical performance of C-3 is ascribed to the sulfur-doping and ellipsoid structure. The results pave a new way to fabricate controlled heteroatom-doped content carbon material for supercapacitors and dyes adsorption through the cross linking heteroatom-containing polymer.

Introduction

Aggravating problems of excessive fossil consumption and environmental pollution are in great demand of developing sustainable, clean energy production. supercapacitors have drawn much attention due to superior power density, good electronic conductivity and ultrahigh life cycle [[1], [2], [3], [4]]. Specifically, carbon nanomaterials, is used as attractive electrode materials for supercapacitors with the advantage of inexpensiveness, tailorability, and environmental compatibility [[5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10]].

Recently, it has been found that introduction of heteroatoms into the structure of these material frameworks is an effective strategy for enhancing specific capacitance in supercapacitors [[11], [12], [13], [14], [15]]. Notably, sulfur is the one of most attractive heteroatom; when it are doped into carbon framework, it is used as an electron donor and improves the surface wettability and polarity, electrical conductivity and their adsorption abilities [[16], [17], [18], [19], [20]]. However, the great challenge is how to introduce and control the content of sulfur in porous carbons with a convenient method to obtain high-performance supercapacitor electrodes.

Besides the energy crisis, in modern days, development of economy has caused serious environmental problems. Notably, dyes have been applied in photography, leather, cosmetics, and electroplating [[21], [22], [23], [24], [25]]. Dye effluents are colored and is highly observable even at very low concentrations in water. In addition, most of the synthetic dyes are thermally stable and non-biodegradable owing to their complicated composition. Most of the dyes discharged into water causing serious damage to human health and ecosystem. Thus, there is an urgent demand to remove effluents from water. In recent years, in order to remove dyes from wastewaters, some techniques have been developed including adsorption, ion exchange and ultrafiltration [26]. The adsorption is considered as the most effective technology because of its simple operation and cost-effective. Carbon materials is considered as an ideal due to excellent adsorption speed, chemical stability and high porosity, which display excellent adsorption capacity for various dyes from water [[27], [28], [29], [30], [31], [32], [33], [34]].

Polyethersulfone (PES) is a kind of sulfur-containing polymeric matrix with excellent chemical stability properties. Several studies exhibited porous PES membrane could be obtained via phase inversion technology, which could induce the forming of sulfur-containing porous carbons after high temperature carbonization of PES membrane matrix [[35], [36], [37], [38]]. Furthermore, as a template polymeric matrix, porous PES membrane could be easily introduced and control the element of sulfur via the simple and universal method of in situ cross-linking polymerization of sulfur containing monomers, which was reported in our previous study [39,40]. Nevertheless, rarely researches were found for preparing the porous carbon materials, and applying on the field of supercapacitors using the method which mentioned above. The preparation of different sulfur-doped content carbon materials derived from modified PES has rarely been reported.

Herein, we propose a facile method to prepare porous carbon with different content sulfur-doped by modified PES. The obtained carbon material (C-3) offers superior electrochemical performance with a high capacity of 172 F/ g at 1 A/g and an excellent cycling stability (98.5 % retention after 6000 cycles). Moreover, typical dye of methylene blue adsorption results exhibited the maximum adsorption capacity of sulfur-doped carbon (C-3) was approximately 78 mg/g. The obtained C-3 will be a potential bifunctional carbon material for supercapacitors and dye adsorption.

Section snippets

Experimental section

PES (Basf-6020) was obtained from Basf Inc. and was dried at 80 °C for 24 h before use. Sodium styrenesulfonate (SSNa) (C8H7O3SNa, AR, CAS no. 2695-37-6) were purchased from Aladdin Chemistry Co. Ltd.. It was used as monomers to incorporate the element of sulfur to the PES matrix. N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP) (C5H9NO, AR, CAS no. 872-50-4) was purchased from Chengdu Kelong Inc. (Chengdu, China) and used as a solvent.N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP) (C5H9NO, AR, CAS no. 872-50-4) was purchased

Characterization of porous PES template matrix and S doped carbon

In an in situ cross-linking polymerization process, polymerization and cross-linking occur simultaneously. As the molecular chains of the polymeric matrix and polymeric additive are entangled, the hydrophilic additive of SSNa can be “locked” into the polymeric matrix, thus effectively preventing hydrophilic additive wash-out.

The composition of the porous PES template matrix was characterized using ATR-FTIR. The ATR-FTIR spectrum of the C-0 and C-5 is displayed in Fig. 1. Compared to pristine

Conclusion

In sum, different content sulfur doped carbon was converted via the carbonization of SSNa modified PES which was synthesized via in situ cross-linking polymerization. C-3 shows higher specific capacitance (172 F/g at 1 A/g), and longer lifetime 6000 cycles with 98.5 % capacitance retention. In addition, typical dye of methylene blue adsorption results exhibited the rapid adsorption rate, and the maximum adsorption capacity of sulfur-doped carbon (C-3) was approximately 78 mg/g. The good

Author statement

The authors have complied with Elsevier's ethical requirements: (Submission of an article implies that the work described has not been published previously (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture or academic thesis), that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, that its publication is approved by all authors and tacitly or explicitly by the responsible authorities where the work was carried out. Submission also implies that, if accepted, it will not

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgments

This work was sponsored financially by the Foundation of the Education Department of Guizhou Province (no. KY[2017]085); the Discipline and Master's Site Construction Project of Guiyang University by Guiyang City Financial Support Guiyang University HC-2020; Natural Science Foundation of Guizhou Province of China[2019]1008. The Guizhou Excellent Youth Scientific and Technological Talent Program ([2017]5628); and Major Science and Technology Project in Guizhou Province (Grant No.

References (41)

  • S.L. Xie et al.

    Advanced negative electrode of Fe2O3/graphene oxide paper for high energy supercapacitors

    Mater. Res. Bull.

    (2017)
  • S.Q. Zeng et al.

    Molten salt assisted synthesis of pitch derived carbon for Zn ion hybrid supercapacitors

    Mater. Res. Bull.

    (2021)
  • C.S. Zhao et al.

    Modification of polyethersulfone membranes-a review of methods

    Prog. Mater. Sci.

    (2013)
  • S.Q. Nie et al.

    Improved blood compatibility of polyethersulfone membrane with a hydrophilic and anionic surface

    Colloid. Surf. B-Biointerfaces

    (2012)
  • L.R. Wang et al.

    Direct synthesis of heparin-like poly (ether sulfone) polymer and its blood compatibility

    Acta Biomater.

    (2013)
  • F. Ran et al.

    Biocompatibility of modified polyethersulfone membranes by blending an amphiphilic triblock co-polymer of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)-b-poly(methyl methacrylate)-b-poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)

    Acta Biomater.

    (2011)
  • H. Qin et al.

    Biocompatibility of modified polyethersulfone membranes by blending an amphiphilic triblock co-polymer of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)-b-poly(methyl methacrylate)-b-poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)

    J. Membr. Sci.

    (2014)
  • D.Q. Liu et al.

    A confinement strategy to prepare N-doped reduced graphene oxide foams with desired monolithic structures for supercapacitors

    Nanoscale

    (2019)
  • Y.S. Zhou et al.

    High electroactive material loading on a carbon Nanotube/Carbon nanofiber as advanced free-standing electrode for asymmetric supercapacitors

    Chem. Commun.

    (2019)
  • J. Du et al.

    A confined space pyrolysis strategy for controlling the structure of hollow mesoporous carbon spheres with high supercapacitor performance

    Nanoscale

    (2019)
  • Cited by (6)

    • Carbon in electrochemical energy

      2022, Materials Research Bulletin
    • A novel material poly(N-acryloyl-L-glycine)-brush grafted N-doped magnetic biochar by surface-initiated RAFT polymerization for efficient elimination of heavy metal ions

      2022, Separation and Purification Technology
      Citation Excerpt :

      D band was usually related to the presence of amorphous or disordered carbon in materials, while G band was ascribed to the vibration of the ordered graphitic sp2-hybrid carbon atoms, correlated with the graphitization degree of carbonaceous materials [33]. Generally, ratio of peak intensity of D band and G band (ID /IG) could describe qualitatively extent of disorder structure in the porous carbons [34]. The ratio (ID/IG) of MOGL (1.13) was higher than that of OGL (1.03), which was attributed to the introduction of Fe3O4 into the sp2 orbital of OGL, increasing the defect and disorder degree of OGL [20].

    • Recent studies on polymeric materials for supercapacitor development

      2022, Journal of Energy Storage
      Citation Excerpt :

      The ionic conductivity achieved was 1.3 × 10−3 S/cm at 100 °C. Nie et al. synthesized porous carbon with different levels of sulfur doping via carbonization of PES [124]. The ideal sulfur (S)-doped porous carbon achieved a discharge capacity of 172 F/g at 1 A and retained 98.5% of its discharge capacity over 6000 cycles.

    View full text