Self-templated synthesis of porous carbon with different sulfur content derived from polyethersulfone matrix for supercapacitor and dyes adsorption
Graphical abstract
Introduction
Aggravating problems of excessive fossil consumption and environmental pollution are in great demand of developing sustainable, clean energy production. supercapacitors have drawn much attention due to superior power density, good electronic conductivity and ultrahigh life cycle [[1], [2], [3], [4]]. Specifically, carbon nanomaterials, is used as attractive electrode materials for supercapacitors with the advantage of inexpensiveness, tailorability, and environmental compatibility [[5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10]].
Recently, it has been found that introduction of heteroatoms into the structure of these material frameworks is an effective strategy for enhancing specific capacitance in supercapacitors [[11], [12], [13], [14], [15]]. Notably, sulfur is the one of most attractive heteroatom; when it are doped into carbon framework, it is used as an electron donor and improves the surface wettability and polarity, electrical conductivity and their adsorption abilities [[16], [17], [18], [19], [20]]. However, the great challenge is how to introduce and control the content of sulfur in porous carbons with a convenient method to obtain high-performance supercapacitor electrodes.
Besides the energy crisis, in modern days, development of economy has caused serious environmental problems. Notably, dyes have been applied in photography, leather, cosmetics, and electroplating [[21], [22], [23], [24], [25]]. Dye effluents are colored and is highly observable even at very low concentrations in water. In addition, most of the synthetic dyes are thermally stable and non-biodegradable owing to their complicated composition. Most of the dyes discharged into water causing serious damage to human health and ecosystem. Thus, there is an urgent demand to remove effluents from water. In recent years, in order to remove dyes from wastewaters, some techniques have been developed including adsorption, ion exchange and ultrafiltration [26]. The adsorption is considered as the most effective technology because of its simple operation and cost-effective. Carbon materials is considered as an ideal due to excellent adsorption speed, chemical stability and high porosity, which display excellent adsorption capacity for various dyes from water [[27], [28], [29], [30], [31], [32], [33], [34]].
Polyethersulfone (PES) is a kind of sulfur-containing polymeric matrix with excellent chemical stability properties. Several studies exhibited porous PES membrane could be obtained via phase inversion technology, which could induce the forming of sulfur-containing porous carbons after high temperature carbonization of PES membrane matrix [[35], [36], [37], [38]]. Furthermore, as a template polymeric matrix, porous PES membrane could be easily introduced and control the element of sulfur via the simple and universal method of in situ cross-linking polymerization of sulfur containing monomers, which was reported in our previous study [39,40]. Nevertheless, rarely researches were found for preparing the porous carbon materials, and applying on the field of supercapacitors using the method which mentioned above. The preparation of different sulfur-doped content carbon materials derived from modified PES has rarely been reported.
Herein, we propose a facile method to prepare porous carbon with different content sulfur-doped by modified PES. The obtained carbon material (C-3) offers superior electrochemical performance with a high capacity of 172 F/ g at 1 A/g and an excellent cycling stability (98.5 % retention after 6000 cycles). Moreover, typical dye of methylene blue adsorption results exhibited the maximum adsorption capacity of sulfur-doped carbon (C-3) was approximately 78 mg/g. The obtained C-3 will be a potential bifunctional carbon material for supercapacitors and dye adsorption.
Section snippets
Experimental section
PES (Basf-6020) was obtained from Basf Inc. and was dried at 80 °C for 24 h before use. Sodium styrenesulfonate (SSNa) (C8H7O3SNa, AR, CAS no. 2695-37-6) were purchased from Aladdin Chemistry Co. Ltd.. It was used as monomers to incorporate the element of sulfur to the PES matrix. N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP) (C5H9NO, AR, CAS no. 872-50-4) was purchased from Chengdu Kelong Inc. (Chengdu, China) and used as a solvent.N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP) (C5H9NO, AR, CAS no. 872-50-4) was purchased
Characterization of porous PES template matrix and S doped carbon
In an in situ cross-linking polymerization process, polymerization and cross-linking occur simultaneously. As the molecular chains of the polymeric matrix and polymeric additive are entangled, the hydrophilic additive of SSNa can be “locked” into the polymeric matrix, thus effectively preventing hydrophilic additive wash-out.
The composition of the porous PES template matrix was characterized using ATR-FTIR. The ATR-FTIR spectrum of the C-0 and C-5 is displayed in Fig. 1. Compared to pristine
Conclusion
In sum, different content sulfur doped carbon was converted via the carbonization of SSNa modified PES which was synthesized via in situ cross-linking polymerization. C-3 shows higher specific capacitance (172 F/g at 1 A/g), and longer lifetime 6000 cycles with 98.5 % capacitance retention. In addition, typical dye of methylene blue adsorption results exhibited the rapid adsorption rate, and the maximum adsorption capacity of sulfur-doped carbon (C-3) was approximately 78 mg/g. The good
Author statement
The authors have complied with Elsevier's ethical requirements: (Submission of an article implies that the work described has not been published previously (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture or academic thesis), that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, that its publication is approved by all authors and tacitly or explicitly by the responsible authorities where the work was carried out. Submission also implies that, if accepted, it will not
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgments
This work was sponsored financially by the Foundation of the Education Department of Guizhou Province (no. KY[2017]085); the Discipline and Master's Site Construction Project of Guiyang University by Guiyang City Financial Support Guiyang University HC-2020; Natural Science Foundation of Guizhou Province of China[2019]1008. The Guizhou Excellent Youth Scientific and Technological Talent Program ([2017]5628); and Major Science and Technology Project in Guizhou Province (Grant No.
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