Chemical constituents from Hovenia dulcis Thunb. And their chemotaxonomic significance

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Highlights

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    Twenty-one compounds were isolated from Hovenia dulcis Thunb.

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    Three compounds (5, 8, 10) were isolated from the species Hovenia dulcis Thunb. for the first time.

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    Two compounds (13, 21) were isolated from the genus Hovenia for the first time.

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    Ten compounds (4, 11–12, 14–20) were isolated from familiy Rhamnaceae firstly.

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    The chemotaxonomic significance of these isolates was discussed.

Abstract

Phytochemical investigations on the fruit stalks and seeds of the plant Hovenia dulcis Thunb. led to the isolation of twenty-one compounds, including three triterpenes (1–3), two sterols (4–5), five flavonoids (6–10), two sesquiterpenes (11–12), one lignan (13), two phenylpropanoids (14–15), four benzoic acid derivatives (16–19), one acid amide (20) and one cerebroside (21). The structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis and comparison with previous literatures. Among them, ten compounds (4, 11–12, 14–20) were isolated from familiy Rhamnaceae, two (13, 21) from the genus Hovenia, and three (5, 8, 10) from the species Hovenia dulcis Thunb. for the first time, respectively. The chemotaxonomic significance of these isolates was also discussed.

Section snippets

Subject and source

Hovenia dulcis Thunb. belongs to genus Hovenia (family Rhamnaceae), is a plant with a long history in East Asia as a food supplement and traditional herbal medicine (Won and Song, 2013). Its fruit stalks and seeds are known in the Chinese pharmacopeia as Hoveniae Semen Seu Fructus, also known as guaizao (China), oriental raisin tree (Korea) and Japanese grape, jujube and wood honey (Japan), is often used to treat temulence, fever, thirst, vomiting, dyspepsia and other diseases. According to The

Previous work

The genus Hovenia are reported to contain nearly 150 compounds, including flavonoids (Liang and Ding, 1996; Fang et al., 2015; Turck et al., 2020), triterpenoids (Kang et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2007), phenylpropanoids (Yoshikawa et al., 1998a,b,c), benzoic acids and their derivatives (Li et al., 2005; Yoshikawa et al., 1998a) and alkaloids (Kawai et al., 1977; Takai et al., 1973).

Present work

The dried H. dulcis (19 kg) was refluxing extracted three times with 120 L of 70% EtOH. The extracts were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure, and then, the crude extract was suspended in water and successively extracted with petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and n-BuOH to give P.E. extract (60g), EtOAc extract (93g) and n-BuOH extract (300g), respectively.

The EtOAc extract (93g) was subjected to silica gel column chromatography (CC), eluting with a gradient system of petroleum

Chemotaxonomic significance

In this phytochemical study, a variety of structures were isolated from.

H. dulcis, including three triterpenoids (1–3) and two sterols (4–5), five flavonoids (6–10), two sesquiterpenes (11–12), one lignan (13), two phenylpropanoids (14–15), four benzoic acid derivatives (16–19), one acid amide (20), and one cerebroside (21).

This findings are of vital importance to the chemical taxonomy of genus Hovenia. Flavonoids are the main components not only in H. dulcis, but also in other species of

Author statement

Mei-Chen Li, Chao-Jie Xie, Jian-Yu Liu, Yong-Nan Xu, conceived and designed the work, Cai-Wen Meng, Yun-Qiang Zhang, Jin-Gou Gao, Wei-Hua Wang, were responsible for the collection of documents and literatures, Mei-Chen Li, wrote the manuscript. All persons who have made substantial contributions to the work reported in the manuscript, including those who provided editing and writing assistance but who are not authors, are named in the Acknowledgments section of the manuscript and have given

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgment

This work was supported by the general project of Department of Education of Liaoning Province (grant no 2019LJC13), China.

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    These authors contributed equally to this work and shared first authorship.

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