Abstract
In this study, to meet the need for accurate tidal prediction, the accuracy of global ocean tide models was assessed in the South China Sea (0°–26°N, 99°–121°E). Seven tide models, namely, DTU10, EOT11a, FES2014, GOT4.8, HAMTIDE12, OSU12 and TPXO8, were considered. The accuracy of eight major tidal constituents (i.e., Q1, O1, P1, K1, N2, M2, S2 and K2) were assessed for the shallow water and coastal areas based on the tidal constants derived from multi-mission satellite altimetry (TOPEX and Jason series) and tide gauge observations. The root mean square values of each constituent between satellite-derived tidal constants and tide models were found in the range of 0.72–1.90 cm in the deep ocean (depth>200 m) and 1.18–5.63 cm in shallow water area (depth<200 m). Large inter-model discrepancies were noted in the Strait of Malacca and the Taiwan Strait, which could be attributable to the complicated hydrodynamic systems and the paucity of high-quality satellite altimetry data. In coastal regions, an accuracy performance was investigated using tidal results from 37 tide gauge stations. The root sum square values were in the range of 9.35–19.11 cm, with the FES2014 model exhibiting slightly superior performance.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Amante C, Eakins B W. 2009. ETOPO1 1 arc-minute global relief model: procedures, data sources and analysis. In: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. NOAA Technical Memorandum NESDIS NGDC-24. Boulder, Colorado: National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA, 1–19, doi: https://doi.org/10.7289/V5C8276M
Andersen O B, Woodworth P L, Flather R A. 1995. Intercomparison of recent ocean tide models. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 100(C12): 25261–25282, doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/95JC02642
Carrere L, Lyard F, Cancet M, et al. 2015. FES 2014, a new tidal model on the global ocean with enhanced accuracy in shallow seas and in the Arctic region. In: EGU General Assembly 2015. Vienna, Austria: EGU
Chen Ming, Murali K, Khoo B C, et al. 2005. Circulation modelling in the strait of Singapore. Journal of Coastal Research, 21(5): 960–972
Cheng Yongcun, Andersen O B. 2011. Multimission empirical ocean tide modeling for shallow waters and polar seas. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 116(C11): C11001, doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JC007172
Cheng Yongcun, Xu Qing, Zhang Yuan. 2016. Tidal estimation from TOPEX/Poseidon, Jason primary, and Interleaved missions in the Bohai, Yellow, and East China seas. Journal of Coastal Research, 32(4): 966–973, doi: https://doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-14-00209.1
Cherniawsky J Y, Foreman M G G, Crawford W R, et al. 2001. Ocean tides from TOPEX/Poseidon sea level data. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 18(4): 649–664, doi: https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(2001)018<0649:OTFTPS>2.0.CO;2
Daher V B, de Oliveira Vieira Paes R C, França G B, et al. 2015. Extraction of tide constituents by harmonic analysis using altimetry satellite data in the Brazilian coast. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 32(3): 614–626, doi: https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-14-00091.1
Desportes E, Obligis E, Eymard L. 2007. On the wet tropospheric correction for altimetry in coastal regions. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 45(7): 2139–2149, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2006.888967
Dorandeu J, Le Traon P Y. 1999. Effects of global mean atmospheric pressure variations on mean sea level changes from TOPEX/Poseidon. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 16(9): 1279–1283, doi: https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1999)016<1279:EOGMAP>2.0.CO;2
Egbert G D, Bennett A F, Foreman M G G. 1994. TOPEX/POSEIDON tides estimated using a global inverse model. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 99(C12): 24821–24852, doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/94JC01894
Egbert G D, Erofeeva S Y. 2002. Efficient inverse modeling of barotropic ocean tides. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 19(2): 183–204, doi: https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(2002)019<0183:EIMOBO>2.0.CO;2
Egbert G D, Ray R D. 2000. Significant dissipation of tidal energy in the deep ocean inferred from satellite altimeter data. Nature, 405(6788): 775–778, doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/35015531
Fang Guohong. 1986. Tide and tidal current charts for the marginal seas adjacent to China. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 4(1): 1–16, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02850393
Fang Guohong, Kwok Y K, Yu Kejun, et al. 1999. Numerical simulation of principal tidal constituents in the South China Sea, Gulf of Tonkin and Gulf of Thailand. Continental Shelf Research, 19(7): 845–869, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4343(99)00002-3
Fok H S, Iz H B, Shum C K, et al. 2010. Evaluation of ocean tide models used for Jason-2 altimetry corrections. Marine Geodesy, 33(S1): 285–303, doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01490419.2010.491027
Fok H S. 2012. Ocean tides modeling using satellite altimetry [dissertation]. Columbus, OH, USA: The Ohio State University
Fu Yanguang, Zhou Dongxu, Zhou Xinghua, et al. 2020. Evaluation of satellite-derived tidal constituents in the South China Sea by adopting the most suitable geophysical correction models. Journal of Oceanography, 76: 183–196, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-019-00537-2
Fu L L, Cazenave A. 2001. Satellite Altimetry and Earth Sciences: A Handbook of Techniques and Applications. San Diego: Academic Press, 463
Godin G. 1986. The use of nodal corrections in the calculation of harmonic constants. International Hydrographic Review, 63(2): 143–162
Green J A M, David T W. 2013. Non-assimilated tidal modeling of the South China Sea. Deep -Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 78: 42–48, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2013.04.006
Groves G W, Reynolds R W. 1975. An orthogonalized convolution method of tide prediction. Journal of Geophysical Research, 80(30): 4131–4138, doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/JC080i030p04131
Iliffe J C, Ziebart M K, Turner J F, et al. 2013. Accuracy of vertical datum surfaces in coastal and offshore zones. Survey Review, 45(331): 254–262, doi: https://doi.org/10.1179/1752270613Y.0000000040
Kalnay E, Kanamitsu M, Kistle R, et al. 1996. The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 77(3): 437–472, doi: https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077<0437:TNYRP>2.0.CO;2
Keysers J H, Quadros N D, Collier P A. 2015. Vertical datum transformations across the Australian littoral zone. Journal of Coastal Research, 31(1): 119–128, doi: https://doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-12-00228.1
Lyard F, Lefevre F, Letellier T, et al. 2006. Modelling the global ocean tides: modern insights from FES2004. Ocean Dynamics, 56(5–6): 394–415, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-006-0086-x
Mayer-Gürr T, Savcenko R, Bosch W, et al. 2012. Ocean tides from satellite altimetry and GRACE. Journal of Geodynamics, 59–60: 28–38, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2011.10.009
Munk W H, Cartwright D E. 1966. Tidal spectroscopy and prediction. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 259(1105): 533–583, doi: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1966.0024
Pawlowicz R, Beardsley B, Lentz S. 2002. Classical tidal harmonic analysis including error estimates in MATLAB using T_TIDE. Computers & Geosciences, 28(8): 929–937, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(02)00013-4
Ray R D. 1999. A global ocean tide model from TOPEX/POSEIDON altimetry, GOT99.2. In: NASA/TM–1999-209478. Greenbelt, MD: Goddard Space Flight Center, 58
Rizal S, Damm P, Wahid M A, et al. 2012. General circulation in the Malacca Strait and Andaman Sea: a numerical model study. American Journal of Environmental Sciences, 8(5): 479–488, doi: https://doi.org/10.3844/ajessp.2012.479.488
Savcenko R, Bosch W. 2012. EOT11a-Empirical ocean tide model from multi-mission satellite altimetry. Munchen: Deutsches Geodätisches Forschungsinstitut (DGFI), 89, 49, https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/36001/1/DGFI_Report_89.pdf [2017-11-8]
Schrama E J O, Ray R D. 1994. A preliminary tidal analysis of TOPEX/POSEIDON altimetry. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 99(C12): 24799–24808, doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/94JC01432
Seifi F, Deng Xiaoli, Andersen O B. 2019. Assessment of the accuracy of recent empirical and assimilated tidal models for the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, using satellite and coastal data. Remote Sensing, 11(10): 1211, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11101211
Shum C K, Woodworth P L, Andersen O B, et al. 1997. Accuracy assessment of recent ocean tide models. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 102(C11): 25173–25194, doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/97JC00445
Stammer D, Ray R D, Ander O B, et al. 2014. Accuracy assessment of global barotropic ocean tide models. Reviews of Geophysics, 52(3): 243–282, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/2014RG000450
Taguchi E, Stammer D, Zahel W. 2010. Inferring deep ocean tidal energy dissipation from the global high-resolution data-assimilative HAMTIDE model. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 119(7): 4573–4592, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JC009766
Visser P N A M, Sneeuw N, Reubelt T, et al. 2010. Space-borne gravimetric satellite constellations and ocean tides: aliasing effects. Geophysical Journal International, 181(2): 789–805, doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2010.04557.x
Ye A L, Robinson I S. 1983. Tidal dynamics in the South China Sea. Geophysical Journal International, 72(3): 691–707, doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1983.tb02827.x
Zahel W. 1995. Assimilating ocean tide determined data into global tidal models. Journal of Marine Systems, 6(1–2): 3–13, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0924-7963(94)00014-3
Zu Tingting, Gan Jianping, Erofeeva S Y. 2008. Numerical study of the tide and tidal dynamics in the South China Sea. Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 55(2): 137–154, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2007.10.007
Acknowledgements
Satellite altimetry data used in this study were developed, validated, and distributed by the CTOH/LEGOS, France. We acknowledge the CTOH for providing the satellite-derived harmonic constants of tidal constituents, PSMSL for providing the tide gauge data, and NOAA for providing the IB correction data.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Additional information
Foundation item: The National Key Research and Development Program of China under contract Nos 2017YFC0306003 and 2016YFB0501703; the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 41876111, 41706115 and 41806214.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Fu, Y., Feng, Y., Zhou, D. et al. Accuracy assessment of global ocean tide models in the South China Sea using satellite altimeter and tide gauge data. Acta Oceanol. Sin. 39, 1–10 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13131-020-1685-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13131-020-1685-y