Abstract
The primary goal of the present paper is to argue for the hypothesis that labeling is required for linearization, which is called Labeling for Linearization (LfL). To achieve this goal, it is first argued that labels are not necessary for semantic interpretation. It is then proposed that labels are necessary for linearization at the PF-interface in that they serve as a device to encode structural asymmetries that are employed to determine precedence relations, which are asymmetric as well. It is also shown that LfL can remove several problems of the original labeling framework. Building on the idea that Spell-Out applies to the whole phase but not its subpart, it is illustrated that the LfL-based analysis can solve the problem concerning the variable ways of applying Spell-Out, which arises in the standard phase theory. Extending the LfL-based framework to Japanese, a novel analysis of particle-stranding ellipsis is also proposed. Incorporating some insights of recent approaches that particle-stranding ellipsis arises through a PF-deletion process, it is shown that the proposed analysis based on LfL offers a theoretically more suitable characterization of the PF-deletion process. In this way, the present article contributes to not only sharpening the core theoretical notions regarding structure building and linearization in terms of labeling but also deepening our understanding of the structure of Japanese.
Acknowledgements
I thank Jun Abe, WooJin Chung, Chris Collins, Nobu Goto, Caroline Heycock, Hisa Kitahara, Masako Maeda, Keiko Murasugi, Hiroki Narita, Masashi Nomura, Yohei Oseki, Ian Roberts, Yuta Sakamoto, Adam Szczegielniak, Yoshiyuki Shibata, Masahiko Takahashi, three anonymous reviewers of The Linguistic Review, and especially Željko Bošković and Mamoru Saito for their valuable comments and suggestions. I am also grateful to the audiences at Rissho University, University of Connecticut, New York University, NINJAL, and Nanzan University, where earlier versions of this paper were presented. All errors are of course mine. Part of this work is supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP15K16772, JP18K00659, Meikai University Miyata Grant for Scientific Research, and the collaborative research project “Generative Perspectives on the Syntax and Acquisition of Japanese” at the National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics.
References
An, Duk-Ho. 2016. Extra deletion in fragment answers and its implications. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 25. 313–350.10.1007/s10831-016-9144-7Search in Google Scholar
Belletti, Adriana & Luigi Rizzi. 1988. Psych-verbs and θ-theory. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 6. 291–352.10.1007/BF00133902Search in Google Scholar
Bošković, Željko. 2001. On the nature of the syntax-phonology interface: Cliticization and related phenomena. Amsterdam: Elsevier.10.1163/9780585474250Search in Google Scholar
Bošković, Željko. 2015a. From the complex NP constraint to everything: On deep extractions across categories. The Linguistic Review 32. 603–669.10.1515/tlr-2015-0006Search in Google Scholar
Bošković, Željko. 2015b. Deducing the generalized XP constraint from phasal spell-out. In Markéta Ziková, Pavel Caha & Mojmír Dočekal (eds.), Slavic languages in the perspective of formal grammar: Proceedings of FDSL 10.5, Brno 2014, 79–100. Bern: Peter Lang.Search in Google Scholar
Bošković, Željko. 2016a. What is sent to spell-out is phases, not phasal complements. Linguistica 56. 25–56.10.4312/linguistica.56.1.25-66Search in Google Scholar
Bošković, Željko. 2016b. On the timing of labeling: Deducing Comp-trace effects, the Subject Condition, the Adjunct Condition, and tucking in from labeling. The Linguistic Review 33. 17–66.10.1515/tlr-2015-0013Search in Google Scholar
Bošković, Željko. 2016c. On pronouns, clitic doubling, and argument ellipsis: Argument ellipsis as predicate ellipsis. University of Connecticut manuscript.Search in Google Scholar
Charnavel, Isabelle & Dominique Sportiche. 2016. Anaphor binding: What French inanimate anaphors show. Linguistic Inquiry 47. 35–87.10.1162/LING_a_00204Search in Google Scholar
Chomsky, Noam. 1957. Syntactic structures. The Hague: Mouton.10.1515/9783112316009Search in Google Scholar
Chomsky, Noam. 1995. The minimalist program. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Search in Google Scholar
Chomsky, Noam. 2000. Minimalist inquiries: The framework. In Roger Martin, David Michaels & Juan Uriagereka (eds.), Step by step: Essays on minimalist syntax in honor of Howard Lasnik, 89–155. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Search in Google Scholar
Chomsky, Noam. 2001. Derivation by phase. In Michael Kenstowicz (ed.), Ken Hale: A life in language, 1–52. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Search in Google Scholar
Chomsky, Noam. 2004. Beyond explanatory adequacy. In Adriana Belletti (ed.), Structures and beyond: The cartography of syntactic structures. Vol. 3, 104–131. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Chomsky, Noam. 2007. Approaching UG from below. In Uli Sauerland & Hans-Mart Gärtner (eds.), Interfaces + Recursion=Language?, 1–29. New York: Mouton de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110207552-001Search in Google Scholar
Chomsky, Noam. 2008. Foundational issues in linguistic theory: Essays in honor of Jean-Roger Vergnaud. In Carlos P. Otero Robert Freidin & Maria Luisa Zubizaretta (eds.), On phases, 133–167. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.10.7551/mitpress/9780262062787.003.0007Search in Google Scholar
Chomsky, Noam. 2013. Problems of projection. Lingua 130. 33–49.10.1016/j.lingua.2012.12.003Search in Google Scholar
Chomsky, Noam. 2015. Problems of projection: Extensions. In Elisa Di Domenico, Cornelia Hamann & Simona Matteini (eds.), Structures, strategies and beyond – Studies in honour of Adriana Belletti, 3–16. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.10.1075/la.223.01choSearch in Google Scholar
Chomsky, Noam, Ángel J. Gallego & Dennis Ott. 2017. Generative grammar and the faculty of language: Insights, questions, and challenges. Unpublished manuscript. [downloadable from lingbuzz/003507]Search in Google Scholar
Collins, Chris. 2002. Eliminating labels. In Samuel D. Epstein & T. Daniel Seely (eds.), Derivation and explanation in the minimalist program, 42–64. Oxford: Blackwell.10.1002/9780470755662.ch3Search in Google Scholar
D’Alessandro, Roberta & Tobia Scheer. 2015. Modular PIC. Linguistic Inquiry 46. 593–624.10.1162/LING_a_00195Search in Google Scholar
Fox, Danny. 1995. Economy and scope. Natural Language Semantics 3. 283–341.10.1007/BF01248820Search in Google Scholar
Fox, Danny & David Pesetsky. 2005. Cyclic linearization of syntactic structure. Theoretical Linguistics 31. 1–45.10.1515/thli.2005.31.1-2.1Search in Google Scholar
Goto, Nobu. 2012. A note on particle stranding ellipsis. In Bum-Sik Park (ed.), Proceedings of the 14th Seoul International Conference on Generative Grammar (SICOGG 14) Three Factors and Syntactic Theory, 78–97. Seoul: Hankuk Publishing Co.Search in Google Scholar
Goto, Nobu & Toru Ishii. 2018. Some consequences of MERGE and determinacy. Toyo University and Meiji University manuscript. [downloadable from lingbuzz/004108].Search in Google Scholar
Halle, Morris & Alec Marantz. 1993. Distributed morphology and the pieces of inflection. In Kenneth Hale & Samuel J. Keyser (eds.), The view from Building 20: Essays in linguistics in honor of Sylvain Bromberger, 111–176. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Search in Google Scholar
Heim, Irene & Angelika Kratzer. 1998. Semantics in generative grammar. Oxford: Blackwell.Search in Google Scholar
Kayne, Richard S. 1994. The antisymmetry of syntax. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Search in Google Scholar
Ko, Heejeong. 2005. Syntactic edges and linearization. Cambridge, MA: MIT dissertation.Search in Google Scholar
Ko, Heejeong. 2014. Edges in syntax: Scrambling and cyclic linearization. New York: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199660261.001.0001Search in Google Scholar
Kobayashi, Ryoichiro. 2017. On some symmetric constituents in Japanese. In Yim Changguk (ed.), Proceedings of the 19th Seoul International Conference on Generative Grammar, 151–170. Korean Generative Grammar Circle.Search in Google Scholar
Kuroda, S.-Y. 1988. Whether we agree or not: A comparative syntax of English and Japanese. Linguisticae Investigationes 12. 1–47.10.1075/li.12.1.02kurSearch in Google Scholar
Maeda, Masako. 2017. Argument ellipsis and scope economy. Kyushu Institute of Technology manuscript.Search in Google Scholar
Mukai, Emi. 2003. On verbless conjunction in Japanese. In Makoto Kadowaki & Shigeto Kawahara (eds.), NELS 33, 205–224. Amherst, MA: GLSA.Search in Google Scholar
Nagahara, Hiroyuki. 1994. Phonological phrasing in Japanese. Los Angeles: University of California dissertation.Search in Google Scholar
Narita, Hiroki. 2011. Phasing in full interpretation. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University dissertation.Search in Google Scholar
Narita, Hiroki. 2014. Endocentric structuring of projection-free syntax. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.10.1075/la.218Search in Google Scholar
Nasu, Norio. 2012. Topic particle stranding and the structure of CP. In Lobke Aelbrecht, Liliane Haegeman & Rachel Nye (eds.), Main clause phenomena: New horizons, 205–228. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.10.1075/la.190.09nasSearch in Google Scholar
Oku, Satoshi. 1998. A theory of selection and reconstruction in the minimalist perspective. Storrs, CT: University of Connecticut dissertation.Search in Google Scholar
Pierrehumbert, Janet & Mary Beckman. 1988. Japanese tone structure. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Search in Google Scholar
Progovac, Ljiljana. 1998. Structure for coordination. Part I. Glot International 3(7). 3–6.Search in Google Scholar
Rizzi, Luigi. 2005. Phase theory and the privilege of the root. In Hans Broekhuis, Norbert Cover, Riny Huybregts, Ursula Kleinhenz & Jan Koster (eds.), Organizing grammar: Linguistic studies in honor of Henk van Riemsdijk, 529–537. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110892994.529Search in Google Scholar
Sag, Ivan, Gerald Gazdar, Thomas Wasow & Steven Weisler. 1985. Coordination and how to distinguish categories. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 3. 117–171.10.1007/BF00133839Search in Google Scholar
Saito, Mamoru. 2007. Notes on East Asian argument ellipsis. Language Research 43. 203–227.Search in Google Scholar
Saito, Mamoru. 2014. Case and labeling in a language without φ-feature agreement. In Anna Cardinaletti, Guglielmo Cinque & Yoshio Endo (eds.), On peripheries: Exploring clause initial and clause final positions, 269–297. Tokyo: Hituzi Syobo Publishing.Search in Google Scholar
Saito, Mamoru. 2016. (A) Case for labeling: Labeling in languages without φ-feature agreement. The Linguistic Review 33. 129–175.10.1515/tlr-2015-0017Search in Google Scholar
Saito, Mamoru & Naoki Fukui. 1998. Order in phrase structure and movement. Linguistic Inquiry 29. 439–474.10.1162/002438998553815Search in Google Scholar
Sakamoto, Yuta. 2017. Escape from silent syntax. Storrs, CT: University of Connecticut dissertation.Search in Google Scholar
Sakamoto, Yuta & Hiroaki Saito. 2018. Overtly Stranded but Covertly Not. In Wm. G. Bennett, Lindsay Hracs & Dennis Ryan Storoshenko (eds.), Proceedings of the 35th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics (WCCFL 35), 349–356. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.Search in Google Scholar
Sato, Yosuke. 2012. Particle-stranding ellipsis in Japanese, phase theory and the privilege of the root. Linguistic Inquiry 43. 495–504.10.1162/LING_a_00099Search in Google Scholar
Sato, Yosuke & Masako Maeda. 2018. Particle stranding ellipsis involves PF-deletion. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11049-018-9409-0.Search in Google Scholar
Seely, T. Daniel. 2006. Merge, derivational c-command, and subcategorization in a label-free syntax. In Cedric Boeckx (ed.), Minimalist essays, 182–217. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.10.1075/la.91.13seeSearch in Google Scholar
Shibata, Yoshiyuki. 2014. A phonological approach to particle stranding ellipsis in Japanese. Poster presented at Formal Approaches to Japanese Linguistics (FAJL) 7. National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics and International Christian University. June 2014.Search in Google Scholar
Takahashi, Daiko. 2008. Noun phrase ellipsis. In Shigeru Miyagawa& & Mamoru Saito (eds.), The oxford handbook of Japanese linguistics, 394–422. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195307344.013.0015Search in Google Scholar
Takahashi, Daiko. 2013. A note on parallelism for elliptic arguments. In Kazuko Yatsushiro & Uli Sauerland (eds.), Formal Approaches to Japanese Linguistics (FAJL) 6, 203–213. Cambridge: MITWPL.Search in Google Scholar
Takita, Kensuke. 2010. Cyclic linearization and constraints on movement and ellipsis. Nagoya: Nanzan University dissertation.Search in Google Scholar
Takita, Kensuke, Nobu Goto & Yoshiyuki Shibata. 2016. Labeling through spell-out. The Linguistic Review 33. 177–198.10.1515/tlr-2015-0018Search in Google Scholar
Whitman, John. 1997. Kayne: p. 143, fn. 3. In Galina Alexandrova & Olga Artunova (eds.), The minimalist parameter, 77–100. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.10.1075/cilt.192.07whiSearch in Google Scholar
Williams, Edwin. 1978. Across the board rule application. Linguistic Inquiry 9. 31–43.Search in Google Scholar
© 2020 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
